Geography – Problem Solving: Flooding

Problem-solving: Flooding I think that the best solution from the Environment Agency is the Upstream Flood Storage. I think this would be the best option because it will stop the town from getting flooded but also, it would be better downstream. The water will be temporarily stored on fields upstream of the town, on farm land. There may be animals on the fields but they can easily be moved out of the way. This could also lead to new wildlife in the area, although also disrupt the wildlife already there. The flood storage reservoir upstream of the town can hold back floodwater's, and so reduce the maximum flood flow through the town.A flood storage reservoir remains effective so long as it does not become full of water. Although, if a larger flood occurs, the reservoir fills up and the extra water will flow over the top. One other point is that this will be costly, but could save many businesses and homes from being flooded. I think that the Floodplain Reinstatement (move the town off the flood plain so if the river floods, it won’t matter) is a bad idea because it would be extremely costly and very difficult to persuade the people living in the town to move away. It would be bad for the economy and people would also lose their jobs and businesses in the town.Although, by moving the town out the way of floods, this would mean that the town will no longer get flooded. By doing this, it will also disrupt the wildlife where the town could be moved. The Bypass channels (building an extra channel to take some of the flood water) also would not be such a good idea because they would just make the flood worse downstream. The water would move very quickly through the town, causing the channel to meet the river where the flood will be at the same time. As a result, this saves the town from being flooded but the flood downstream will be worse.Also, the channel may not have a lot of water in it all year round so could affect the wildlife in the area. The additional channel capacity (making the channel deeper and wider so it will hold more water) is a good idea as it could stop small floods from taking place. But, if there was to be a big flood then the water could rise over the top leading the town to flood. The secondary defenses (build flood walls to hold the extra water) could also work well for preventing the small floods, but not for a big flood. As a result, the water could still rise over the top of the walls.

Genetically modified organism Essay

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism which been using genetic engineering techniques, and Monsanto is a publicly agricultural biotechnology company. Monsanto has a huge influence on GMO products. Unfortunately, Monsanto is not a great company because they produce harmful products and lie to their customers. Absolutely, Monsanto didn’t do the illegal things, but they didn’t obey the ethics. As seen in the video, I would like to discuss Contemporary Consequentialism which depend on justice, Kantian Ethics which as a form of deontological ethics and Social Contract Theory which depend on law to discuss Monsanto’s case. GMO products sounds like good for our health and economy, but some companies like Monsanto don’t do well. Contemporary Consequentialism Contemporary consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories which justice takes an important role. As its name suggests, Consequentialism is the view depend only on consequences. Justice contains distributive justice and retributive justice (Driver P61). Justice concern the distribution of benefits is called distributive justice, such as taxation and health care. Justice concern the distribution of rewards and punishments is called retributive justice, such as good citizen’s awards and prison terms. The theory â€Å"determining whether or not an action is right are the consequences produced by that action† (Driver, 2007, p. 40) did not lead to positive consequences for the Monsanto company. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also lied about their founding in 1992. Since 1992, 37 people died and thousands more were seriously ill after eating one of the GMO foods made by Monsanto. This is not only ethic issue, but also is illegal. Monsanto’s character was selfish and didn’t make the world a better place (Hinman, 2002). Monsanto should be punished by justice. These GMO foods are killing people by the tens of thousands and The FDA doesn’t have any responds. I think FDA is the biggest travesty in the U. S. They’re turning a blind eye to their patient’s misery. Kantian Ethics Kantian ethics is a deontological ethical theory which proposed by Immanuel Kant. He said â€Å"A good will is good not because of what it affects or accomplishes, nor because of its fitness to attain some proposed end; it’s good only though it’s willing† (Driver, P80). According to the video we know the world according to Monsanto. It’s a very dangerous phenomenon. They want the public to believe they commit supererogatory acts. We are present several scenarios where Monsanto’s influence on FDA and other regulatory agencies has helped them to continue their un-ethical business practices. Hinman said â€Å"what is fair for one should be fair for all. † Monsanto doesn’t care other things just want to get maximum profit with all the possible methods. This is all about money. More money is selling GMO foods to other countries that are willing to pay large amounts of money. Maybe local and organic foods are healthy but there is no market for them. Monsanto make a decision which is opposite to Kantian ethics. Monsanto needs to know we should to keep promises even when we don’t want to do. As we seen in the videos, we know no matter the starting point is moral or Kantian ethics, Monsanto and its subsidiaries made some wrong decisions. Social Contract Theory Social contract theory is the view that person’s moral. Social contract theory is rightly associated with modern moral and it is also a theory or model. Thomas Hobbs said: â€Å"where there is no common power there is no law, where no law, no Injustice (Driver, P102). † He believed that human beings were motivated by self-interest. This document which Monsanto have claims that it has â€Å"evolved from long-standing commitments to safety, environmental protection, customer service, first-class research, and product stewardship† (Robin, 2008). Monsanto’s document is total lie. Farmers also need to sign an agreement when they want to grow the GMO food from Monsanto. Monsanto does believe that they are ethically right in suing a small farmer in order to preserve the balance of the farming community as a whole. Monsanto is using everyone to monopolize food and in the end with the ultimate power over everyone. I think I don’t any great idea to solve this big problem. According to the video, I think just hope Monsanto doesn’t decide to grow marijuana. They can’t mass produce organic foods any better than they can keep Wall Street on track. We know the products which Monsanto produced should not exist. These products can’t help us to make a better world. According to this theory we know first we must be guarantees that people will not harm each other, and people must be able to rely on the other to keep their agreements. Absolutely, Monsanto doesn’t obey the theory. Conclusion Through the discussion about Contemporary Consequentialism, Kantian Ethics and Social Contract Theory, We know Monsanto didn’t make a good decision between money and moral, and the FDA also help Monsanto to lie to their people. These harmful products and illegal documents must be stopped by government. Sometimes we can find the problems, but they are difficult to solve. GMO products are an awesome invention, and I think it can change our life. People are wrong, Monsanto is wrong. Monsanto cannot find an equilibrium point between ethics and business, or we can say money and moral. Many people and company were destroyed by the profit. We need to find a great equilibrium point and it will help us to work better and will not lose ourselves. Reference Hinman, L Ph. D. (2002) Basic moral orientations overview. Power Point, Univerity of San Diego, San Diego, CA Driver, J. (2007). God and Human Nature. Ethics: The Fundamentals (pp. 22-39). Malden, MA: Blackwell. Weston, A. (2007). Creative problem-solving in ethics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://www. iep. utm. edu/soc-cont/.

Jing-Mei Character Analysis

Amy Tan’s short story â€Å"Two Kinds† illustrates a young girls struggle with her highly opinionated mother and finding her own way. Jing-Mei’s mother continually enforces Jing-Met to carry out tasks the way she wants her to, her way. Therefore Jing-Mei is unable to grow as her own person and carry out the choices she wants to. Throughout Jing-Mei’s journey she begins to develop negative thoughts of herself and displays the attributes of insecurity, stubbornness and cruelty.Jing-Mei’s stubbornness encourages her to believe her mother is being unfair and cruel, â€Å"when [her] mother had told [her] this, [she] felt as though [she’s] been sent to hell. † When in reality, all her mother is doing is guiding her so she won’t have to go through the hardships she herself had gone through (Page 5). Jing-Mei has no desire to cooperate with her mother. She fights with her every way she can, determined to extinguish her mother’s d reams of her becoming successful, Jing-Mei neglects her studies as well as the piano.Jing-Mei believes her mother is trying to change her, Jing-Mei states â€Å"I won’t let her change me†¦ I won’t be what I’m not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  despite her mother’s real intentions of her becoming successful (Page 3). Jing-Mei feels she must reject her mother in order to find herself â€Å"right then and there, [she] was determined to put a stop to her foolish pride. † however, in doing so, she is rejecting her heritage and identity (Page 7).Suyuan Woo’s constant criticism hands Jing-Mei the idea of lack of affection, which results in Jing-Mei’s insecurity. Suyuan’s values of family obedience, concealment of unnecessary emotions, and criticism as expressions of love contrast with Jing-Mei’s American ideas of independence, self-esteem and open expressions of love guide Jing-Mei’s belief of never fulfilling her mother’s e xpectations. Therefore, Jing-Mei constantly puts herself down â€Å"[she] looked in the mirror†¦ [she] began to cry, such a sad ugly girl! due to misunderstanding her mother’s intentions (Page 3). Her mother’s high expectations and criticism are her way of expressing love and faith in her daughter. Jing-Mei misunderstands her mother’s actions which lead her to the conclusion that she will â€Å"never be the kind of daughter [her mother] wants her to be† and leads her to the question of â€Å"why don’t you like me the way I am? I am not a genius! † (Page 10,5).

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Proposal Example Cultural diversity is a serious problem in the learning process. The most common problem arises from the behavior of the learner in the class. For instance, students from different cultural backgrounds have unique behavioral patterns (Gay, 2010). Students have diverse learning styles. Learners who are forced to use specific learning styles that they are not acquainted with might develop some level of dissatisfaction. Teaching a frustrated student has proved to be quite cumbersome (Gay, 2002). Academic performance is varied among students. An open comparison between academically weak students and those who are bright may also lead to a sense of being dejected (Gay, 2002). The bright students may develop superiority complex and consequently affect the attentiveness of others in class if the teacher does not take care to make sure that there is a balanced approach in the classroom. As such, there have been proposals to come up with various models that teachers may use as a guide to cult ural approach in lessons. Amongst the proposals is that teaching and learning institutions should consider adopting principles of professional learning to prepare culturally responsible teachers. For example, there have been calls for professional learning to be one that is concerned with improving learning within a diverse, multicultural community. Such proposals also add, amongst other things, that the outcomes and content ought to take into consideration the concept of diversity. Statement of General Aims and Objectives The aim of the proposed study is to find out how cultural diversity affects learning outcomes. It is also the aim of this study to find out whether a teacher who has been trained on how to incorporate cultural diversity in the lessons is likely to register improved learning outcomes. To do so, the study will majorly be based on analyzing various professional opinions and other scholarly research on the same topic. Most importantly, the study will focus on the exte nt teacher-learner cultural differences may affect learning outcomes of learners at different levels of education. The information obtained and the findings will be used to assess how learners’ learning outcomes may be improved through a culturally sensitive approach that takes care of everyone’s interest on board. Specifically, the following research questions will be addressed: 1. Does cultural responsive pedagogy lead to student achievement? The research question will support the problem solving aim of the study in the following ways. First, the research question will prompt the assessment of learning methodologies in relation to the philosophy of education. The philosophy of education will then be analyzed through the prism of modern world where diversity has become quite unalienable from many social quarters. The study will them seek to answer the research question a series of analyses that assess learners actual outcomes and perceptions about cultural element in the learning environment. Literature Review Cultural issues in education have become quite common in the current world where technological and scientific advances have made the world a global village. A research done by Kana‘iaupuni et al. (2010) sought to find out culture-based education and its relationship to student outcomes among Native Hawaiian students. The study was conducted in the state’

Supreme court decisions and discussions on the exclusionary rule Research Paper

Supreme court decisions and discussions on the exclusionary rule - Research Paper Example The exclusionary rule was initiated from the Weeks v. United States 232 U.S. 383, 34 S. Ct. 341, 58 L. Ed. 652 (1914) case where a Federal agent had carried out a search without warrant in order to collect proof of gambling in Freemont Weeks’ residence. The evidence proved Weeks guilty but since the search was illegal or warrantless, conviction of the accused was repealed. Weeks was found guilty of fraudulent mail related activities and his house was thoroughly searched and documents seized by the Federal and local officials. Before this case the validity of evidence was judged by its truthfulness. There were two major reasons given for this law. First, it involved the deterrence rationale which specified that ‘the rule was necessary to deter law enforcement personnel from violating the Fourth Amendment or to â€Å"police the police†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Hensely and Snook, 2006, p.160). The second reason concerned due process argument or the fairness rationale. This included that the federal government cannot attain convictions with the help of lawless actions. Thus any evidence collected unconstitutionally would not hold for a case even if the accused is found guilty on the basis of that evidence. The rule was formed through this case and was subject to controversies since then. The controversies found existence in Warren, Burger and Rehnquist courts. In fact Lee Epstein and Thomas Walk observe â€Å"the exclusionary rule provides yet another example of Warren Court’s revolutionary treatment of the rights of the criminally accused† (Hensely and Snook, 2006, p.160). In fact in the Wolf v Colorado case the Vinson Court declined to apply this law because most of the states had not adopted the rule and there were other options to ensure sustenance of the Fourth Amendment. In the Warren Court the case of Mapp v Ohio (1961) enforced the exclusionary rule (Hensely and Snook, 2006, p.161). On the other hand individuals cannot receive Fourth Amend ment protection unless they are not able to demonstrate the reasons behind their expectation of privacy regarding the place where searches and seized are happened. According to the Supreme Court of US individuals can have a rational expectation of privacy respect to their own bodies, homes, business offices and others personal properties. Individuals can also enjoy a reliable expectation of privacy in terms of their automobiles. Generally people do not possess reasonable expectation of things like â€Å"vehicle location and paint, garbage left at roadside for collection, public place, bank records and the things left open at public place† (LII, 2010). Miranda warnings come into question with respect to the Fifth Amendment where the suspect when retained for any interrogation should be given a warning before questioning. This warning refers to the right of a criminal suspect to remain silent during interrogation and the warning must be given to him with respect to the use of a ny statement against the person which may be termed as self-incrimination during the trial. this rule can protect the suspect against any â€Å"psychological ploys†

Business law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Business law - Assignment Example For Consideration To Be Valid, It Must Be Sufficient But Need Not Be Adequate. Explain This Rule and Cite Relevant Court Decisions 12 References 15 Question 1 Issue In relation to the case of Freda v Gullies Hotel, it has been observed that Freda has prosecuted legal charges against the management of Gullies Hotel due to the aspect of losing her money and expensive jewelleries from her room within the hotel premise. However, the management of Gullies Hotel has refused to accept the responsibility in lieu of their prior notice that â€Å"The Gullies Hotel and its Management would not be held liable for the safety of any valuable left in the guest's room. The Hotel has safe deposit boxes at the reception†. Rule In accordance with the scenario of the case Freda v Gullies Hotel, it has been recognised that the case involves the issue of loss of customer’s wealth within the time period while she was obtaining the organisational services. In this context, the case can be cons idered under the Vicarious Liability Law under the provision of UK Business Law (Tort Law) (Jones, 2011). The provision under the law constitutes a set of measures which can be taken a victim against the employers while they are found to be responsible for any loss faced by their customer while undertaking their services. The rule involved within the vicarious law includes different principles that ensure to protect the customers from any misconduct by the employers. Therefore, the law can be appropriately applied in order to mitigate the issue presented in the case Fred v Gullies Hotel (Jones, 2011). Application It has been observed that the case of Freda v Gullies Hotel can be applied to the principles and regulations under the Vicarious Liability Law. Therefore, Gullies Hotel can be sued based on significant legal charges made by Freda. The principles and regulations under the vicarious liability ensure to protect the customers in a scenario of losing their invaluable belongings while undertaking the organisational services. In accordance with the strict liability of the law, the management of Gullies is liable for the issue (Jones, 2011). Similar to the stated concern, Freda lost her money and expensive jewelleries during her absence in Gullies Hotel’s room that she booked. Conclusion With reference to the stated law and the case of Freda v Gullies Hotel, it has been observed that the event of missing of customers’ possession is regulated under the provisions of vicarious liability doctrine. Moreover, the prior consciousness related information cannot be applied as the customer was still under that service rendered by the organisation. In accordance with the principle under the Act of vicarious liability, the management of Gullies Hotel can be sued due to their culpable practice. In this regard, Freda can sue the management of Gullies Hotel and take appropriate legal steps (Jones, 2011). Relevant Case Example Olley v Marlborough Court [1949] The case of Olley v Marlborough Court [1949] can be considered as similar to the aforesaid case scenario. In accordance with the case of Olley v Marlborough (1949), it has been witnessed that the claimant found her fur coat theft from the hotel premise of Marlborough. However, in this case, it has also been observed that the defendant party i.e. Marlborough did not mention any prior notice regarding the probability of theft of the customer liabilities from the hotel pr

Concepts in mental Health Consensus and Controversies Essay

Concepts in mental Health Consensus and Controversies - Essay Example A good understanding of such concept is essentially relevant with mental health care. Origin and Historical Significance of Mental Health Concept The concept of mental health has a polymeric nature, and inaccurate and general borders, which gains from a historical view to be better understood. At present the broadly understood concept of mental health has its origins chased back to advances in public health in different branches of knowledge such as clinical psychopathology and psychological medicine. The origin of the mental hygiene movement can be assigned to the piece of work of Clifford Beers in the United States. A book namely A mind that found itself was published in 1908, which was based on the authors personal experience of admittances to three mental institutions and asylums. Through its origins and in reflecting Beers’ experience in mental hospitals, the mental hygiene movement was chiefly and essentially referred to the betterment of the care of people with mental f olies. In the year 1909 when Beers wrote the book, a Mental Hygiene Society was instituted in Connecticut. Adolf Meyer suggested the term â€Å"mental hygiene† to Beers (Schneck, 1975). This had got tremendous and quick popularity to the initiation of the National Commission of Mental Hygiene. The Beers (1937) states: â€Å"When the National Committee was organized, in 1909, its chief concern was to humanize the care of the insane: to eradicate the abuses, brutalities and neglect from which the mentally sick have traditionally suffered.† The globalization of activities of this Commission led to the administration of some national associations related to mental hygiene in different countries from 1919 onwards. The International... This essay discusses that in a general sense, mental health has established to be a crucial component of the definition of health and also continues to be used both to indicate a state as an attribute of health. It refers to denote to the crusade deduced from the mental hygiene movement, representing the practical application of psychiatry and psychological medicine not only on an individual basis but also to groups such as societies and communities, as is the case with clinical psychiatry. Mental health is, rather unluckily, even so, considered by many as a field of study, either as an equivalent of psychiatry and psychological medicine or any other complementary fields of psychiatry. Above discussed elements can be served as evidence of the importance of mental health cognition as not only a field of study. For psychiatric nurses, the knowledge of mental health and mental illness concepts is particularly important in a way that they are part of the diagnosing of mental disorders an d treatment of mental health patients in outpatient community clinics or inpatient care hospitals. For such a reason, mental health nursing requires specified and specialized training isolated from other segments of care in the field of nursing. Instituting standard concepts of care in mental health nursing ameliorates inter-communication among faculty and the quality of intervention and handling of mental health patients. Dealing with mental health patients interests will better the overall wellness and performance of the patient.

Ethics and God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics and God - Essay Example The question here is, â€Å"Who decides the ethical standards for humans?† Certainly, the answer is God Almighty! There are various religions in this world, that differ in their intrinsic concepts, beliefs, trends, traditions, teachings, norms and values. However, almost all religions have one thing in common, what is good is appreciated by all religions and what is bad is condemned by all in general. Religion serves as the standard institution for the followers. The fundamental concept of a religion is that there is a God, or Gods (as some religions may emphasize), who has laid out certain standards for the followers. God clearly conveys through the religion what is good and what is bad. In addition to that, God has also inculcated a sense in humans so that they may differentiate between right and wrong. When people believe in God, they tend to respect ethics because they have fear of God. Thus, ethics cultivates in the society and becomes a standard for the people to abide b y. For example, murder is considered wrong â€Å"not just† because it is against humanity, â€Å"but also† because it is condemned by God, and God has inflicted punishment of burning in the hell for those who kill others (Baumgarth and Regan). If some people do not believe in God, they would still have a sense to distinguish between right and wrong.

Economics of the firm - IKEA Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics of the firm - IKEA - Term Paper Example It ensures to bring product within the buying capacity of as many people as possible. IKEA takes challenges to provide the best quality at low price. Hence, success of IKEA is based on the secret recipe of simple yet effective business model. This report is aimed at providing the detailed review of the economics of IKEA, giving insight about firm’s internal conduct as well as impact it receives from domestic and international events. NATURE OF PRODUCT OR SERVICE IKEA furniture nature can be classified as normal goods; between the broad categorization of normal and inferior goods. Technology has played an incredible role in determining the demand for furniture. At IKEA, technological development has ensured continuous innovation that facilitated furniture in a flat package that is also easy to assemble by self at home. Moreover, technological advancement enables firm to sell online, allowing people to devise their own set up using IKEA applications and reduce cost with maximum benefit with IKEA’s life improvement projects. IKEA ranks first on top 20 furniture retailers (Daten, 2011) due to low price among its main differentiating factors. (Daten, 2011) Furniture has high price elasticity that threatens sale in case of rising prices. On the other hand, prices of furniture are rising due to declining natural resources and rising price of furniture components such as steel, plastic, aluminum etc as presented in graph below (Daten, 2011). (Daten, 2011) Survey report has shown that more than 75 percent consumer keep an eye on price when buying price (Daten, 2011). Therefore, IKEA is benefitted for its low price where other competitors get hard hit due to price. Housing demand compliments furniture demand. Availability of widest range of home furnishing product at affordable price makes IKEA preferred choice. During economic downturn, IKEA has managed to carve profit with its low cost offering fetching sales for being growingly adopted as substitute for high cost offerings in home furnishing . IKEA sales grew by 6.9% and stores increased by 2.7% in the year 2011 (Ikea., 2011). Finished flats as main drivers of furniture demand still have sizeable market as projected for 2012, survey report shows: (Daten, 2011) MARKET TREND Being home item furniture is used by almost all family members; hence, there are large numbers of factors that affect its purchase. These aspects include personal, product, industry, availability and many other domain all putting equal pressure in driving consumer behavior. Survey results driving the furniture purchase from two perspectives as shown in the following figures (Microsoft, 2011): (Microsoft, 2011) Shopping behavior for furniture purchase is affected by following factors (Microsoft, 2011): (Microsoft, 2011) Keeping all these factors, the survey found IKEA is the most preferred furniture retailer as shown: (Microsoft, 2011) Survey results regarding reasons resulting in furniture buying is mentioned bel ow: (Microsoft, 2011) Among many factors leading furniture buying, income and price are very important. At IKEA constant innovation reduces prices which in result drive sales. At an average IKEA reduces its sales price by 2-3 percent per year (Ikea, 2011). An indifference curve for furniture consumption with change in prices from IKEA has been developed showing the increase in

Organisational Context of Management Accounting Essay

Organisational Context of Management Accounting - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the governance framework of Ivy League University is decentralized where the various departments are separately administered and consolidated centrally for the purpose of financial reporting and regulatory requirements. The university receives research grant funds for which it has a fiduciary responsibility. The revenues from grants and contracts constitute 30% of the total operating budget of the University. The consolidated grant activity is reported other university funds because improper management of grant funds increases the risk position of Ivy. The grant activities are strictly assessed by the legal counsel and the internal as well as external auditor. The University’s Central leadership works towards decreasing inconsistencies in grant activities. Ivy has made an effort in business process redesign and system modernization within three functional areas i.e. financial management, administration of grants and contracts, and HR and payroll. Th erefore, in order to create an integrated administrative system, Ivy had introduced ERP that was expected to decrease audit risk and increase fiduciary control. These efforts were driven by the fact that Ivy is a highly leveraged and highest graded financial institution in US and the bond-holders have trusted it with their money. However, the introduction of ERP has also brought along problems of adjustments to a more centralised management accounting system where it was more decentralised previously and followed the legacy commitment accounting. Issues in Management Control & Accountability Major issues that were related to the management control and accountability of Ivy League University are: High Audit Risk: As Ivy was involved with decentralized governance framework in which every department was administered separately in its grant funds and its uses. There was a gap between funds actually used and those reported. The inconsistencies in spending process were quite high. Despite this disadvantage, the commitment accounting was an essential part of the management accounting system at Ivy, removing which from the ERP system presented institutional risk. Management Control: In Ivy, FSS (Faculty and Support Staff) were responsible for the actual expenditure of Principal Investigators (PIs) and the decided budget. The funds that were asked by PIs for project activities are known as commitments (commitment accounting). The negotiation between PIs and administrators to allocate the funds was a result of many subjective factors such as individual temperaments, departmental norms, available time, professional relationships, nature and stage of research. Therefore, the management control over the variations in research expenditure was very low. The ERP financial management was introduced without the feature of commitment accounting which posed problems of faculty’s control over their finances. The problem was that the new management accounting system focussed more on providing information to the Central leadership than the faculty, as expressed by the academic manager. Accountability: The University is responsible for the grants it gets every year for research work. The grant providers have a right to know that their funds are utilized in an efficient manner. The problem of accountability has been associated with the variances in

Quality of Primary Education in India Essay Example for Free

Quality of Primary Education in India Essay Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: central,state, and local. Taxila was the earliest recorded centre of higher learning in India from at least 5th century BCE and it is debatable whether it could be regarded a university or not. The Nalanda University was the oldest university-system of education in the world in the modern sense of university. Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj. Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and the states, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian Constitution provide for education as a fundamental right. Most universities in India are controlled by the Union or the State Government. India has made progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population. [3] Indias improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of India. [4] Much of the progress, especially in higher education and scientific research, has been credited to various public institutions. The private education market in India is merely 5%[ although in terms of value is estimated to be worth $40 billion in 2008 and will increase to $68–70 billion by 2012. However, India continues to face stern challenges. Despite growing investment in education, 25% of its population is still illiterate; only 15% of Indian students reach high school, and just 7% graduate. The quality of education whether at primary or higher education is significantly poor as compared with major developing nations. As of 2008, Indias post-secondary institutions offer only enough seats for 7% of Indias college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college professors lack either a masters or PhD degree As of 2011, there are 1522 degree-granting engineering colleges in India with an annual student intake of 582,000, plus 1,244 polytechnics with an annual intake of 265,000. However, these institutions face shortage of faculty and concerns have been raised over the quality of education. [9] In India education system is not based on pure merit, but its based on caste based reservations. In universities/Colleges/Institutions affiliated to federal government there is minimum 50% of reservations applicable to various castes. At state level it varies. State of Andhra Pradesh has 83. 33% of reservations as on 2012 ,which is highest percentage of reservations in India. So the state is popularly known as the state that killed merit. PRIMARY EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA The Indian government lays emphasis to primary education up to the age of fourteen years (referred to as Elementary Education in India. ) The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions. However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions. 80% of all recognized schools at the Elementary Stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the Country. [pic] However, due to shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India. As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India. Education has also been made free] for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009. There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District Education Revitalization Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize primary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system. 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the state The DERP, which had opened 160000 new schools including 84000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3. 5 million children, was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes. This primary education scheme has also shown a high Gross Enrollment Ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states. Significant improvement in staffing and enrollment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme. The current scheme for universalization of Education for All is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. Enrollment has been enhanced, but the levels of quality remain low. CONCERNS FOR QUALITY EDUCATION As far as the provision of access and coverage is concerned, India today boasts of its educational system being the second largest in the world. It consists of nearly 610 thousand primary and 185 thousand upper primary schools, about a quarter million nonformal education centers, about 1. 87 million teachers and 110 million students study in primary classes in the recognized schools (1997-98). As per 1991 Census estimates there were about 115. 6 million children in primary school going age group in the country2. The latest educational statistics indicate a GER of 89. 7 percent for primary classes (81. 2 percent being for girls and 97. 7 percent for boys). 3 . The number of students in primary  classes in India is larger than the total population of the neighboring Bangladesh THE STATE OF QUALITY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN INDIA The key concern about education, in any formal educational system, of all time, has been its quality. Every stake holder, direct or indirect, of education is concerned about its quality. Guardians or parents, irrespective of their socio-economic status, want to educate their children with best quality education which would add better value to the degrees their wards acquire subject to the budget constraints. But what do we mean by ‘quality education? How this quality is being assessed? What is the status of the quality of education in India? This paper seeks to focus on these issues with respect to the quality of primary education in India. There is no universally accepted definition for ‘quality of education’. In education, perception of quality is around students (Mukhopadhyay, 2001). The performance of the students like examination results, learning achievements, ability to apply learned knowledge in practical life exhibit the quality of an education. For some, â€Å"Quality of education† means value addition in education (Feigenbaum 1951); excellence in education (Peters and Waterman 1982); for others, fitness of education outcomes and experience for use (Juran and Gryna 1988). For a society, â€Å"excellence† and â€Å"value† are most appropriate indicators for quality education. A generally accepted definition of quality education does not exist and different end users adopt different criteria for determining the quality of education. In this study we measure the quality of primary education on the basis of student learning achievement (i. e. , ability of read, write and do mathematics). PRIMARY EDUCATION :UNIVERSILITY VS QUALITY: The universal declaration of human rights (1948) considered primary education as the basic human right of all people. Accordingly, all nations prioritized universal access to education. The developed and developing countries have attained universal or near universal access to primary education. Now the focus is on the quality of student learning. The quality concern is not uniform across the nations. The developing and poor nations are still striving for expansion of educational access. It has been established that access to education and its quality are not sequential  elements. At the sub-regional meeting of South Asian Ministers in Katmandu in April 2001, quality education was unanimously identified as a priority area. All participants were in agreement that there was an urgency to develop the quality of education to meet the intermediate target and education for all by 2015. Because how well pupil are taught and how much they learn can have a crucial impact on how long they stay in school and how regularly they attend. Further whether parents send their children to school at all is likely to depend on the judgment they make about the quality of teaching and learning. Based on this perception parents decide whether attending school is worth the time and cost for their children and for themselves. The World Bank (1997) suggested that ‘the best way to improve access is to improve quality which would make coming to school or staying in school a more attractive option from the perspective of parents as well as children. Moreover, efforts to improve quality will tend to increase the efficiency of the public expenditure and will encourage parents to contribute children education’. In the year 1950, when the Constitution of India was adopted, education was recognized as a basic individual right. Directive Principles of State Policy, Article 45, states that â€Å"the state shall endeavour to provide within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years† (The Constitution of India). In line with the commitment of the country to provide elementary education to all children, educational facilities have got tremendously expanded during the post independence period, especially in primary stage. The number of primary school in India has increased from 2. 2 lakhs in 1950-51 to nearly 7 lakhs in 2004-05. In addition, there are at present nearly 3 lakhs non-formal education centres providing primary level education to out-of-school children in the age group 9 to 14. This expansion has definitely helped in making primary level education more easily accessible to a large section of children. As a result, the illiteracy rate and drop-out rate at school stage have come down. The national literacy rate has increased from 52. 21 per cent in 1991 to 64. 84 per cent in 2001. The drop-out rate has also declined from 64. 9 per cent in 1960-61 to 29 per cent in 2004-2005. Although the literacy  rates for both males and females have increased, the latter still continues to lag behind the former. However, there has been a narrowing of the male-female gap in literacy from 24. 8 percentage point in 1991 to 21. 7 percentage point in 2001(Selected Educational Statistics 2004-05). Primary education is the first stage of formal education. The main objective of quality primary education is to inculcate basic knowledge about reading, writing and arithmetic among the children. It is expected that after the successful completion of the primary level of education, a pupil should be able to read, write, and solve simple arithmetic problem. A study conducted by the Teamlease Services has revealed a very disappointing scenario of primary education in India. The study was conducted in primary schools in all the States of India (excluding Union Territories, Mizoram, Sikkim) to measure the learning achievement (quality) of students in language and mathematics. This study found that in India after completion of primary level education, 11 per cent student were not able to recognize anything, 14. 1 per cent can recognize only letters, 14. 9 per cent can read a word, 17 per cent can read a paragraph of a story and only 42. 8 per cent can read the complete story (Table 1). School Children who can read-standard-wise (IV) (in per cent) |State |Nothing |Letters |Word |One-Para of the |Complete story | | | | | |story | | |Andhra Pradesh |8. 8 |10. 5 |15. 6 |17. 7 |47. 35 | |Arunachal Pradesh |7. 2 |13. 5 |21. 6 |13. 3 |44. 4 | |Assam |10. 8 |15. 5 |20. 2 |21. 2 |32. 3 | |Bihar |14. 9 |15. 2 |12. 8 |14. 8 |42. 3 | |Goa |6 |6. 1 |12. 9 |24. 2 |56. 2 | |Gujarat |7. 2 |12. 4 |18. 9 |18. 6 |42. 9 | |Haryana |8. 5 |12. 1 |12. 7 |16. 1 |50. 7 | |Himachal Pradesh |3. 5 |14. 9 |11. 8 |14. 5 |55. 35 | |Jammu Kashmir |3. 4 |10. 2 |26. 5 |20. 8 |39. 1 | |Karnataka |5. 4 |12. 1 |17. 7 |19. 0 |45. 9 | |Kerala |3. 2 |3. 7 |10. 7 |11. 3 |71. 1 | |Madhya Pradesh |15. 7 |15. 3 |15. 5 |17. 1 |36. 5 | |Maharashtra |7 |12. 1 |13. 0 |17. 4 |50. 45 | |Manipur |10. 6 |10. 7 |18. 7 |15. 7 |44. 4 | |Meghalaya |9 |8. 9 |22. 0 |8. 9 |59. 5 | |Nagaland |3. 1 |16. 5 |21. 7 |255. 6 |33. 2 | |Orissa |12. 4 |15. 0 |13. 5 |15. 05 |44. 2 | |Punjab |8. 9 |15. 3 |15. 1 |17. 85 |42. 8 | |Rajasthan |15. 8 |13. 2 |12. 7 |14. 95 |43. 6 | |Tamil Nadu |10. 3 |11. 4 |17. 5 |17. 3 |43. 6 | |Tripura |1. 0 |7. 3 |11. 7 |16. 8 |63. 4 | |Utter Pradesh |16. 8 |19. 2 |14. 6 |14. 8 |34. 6 | |West Bengal |4. 3 |12. 3 |13. 8 |24. 6 |44. 9 | |Chhattisgarh |7. 3 |16. 0 |15. 0 |15. 5 |46. 4 | |Jharkhand |13. 8 |16. 9 |15. 5 |15. 4 |38. 5 | |Uttaranchal |6. 8 |13. 0 |11. 2 |13. 3 |55. 7 | |All India |11. 0 |14. 1 |14. 9 |17. 0 |42. 8 | Source: India Labour Report 2007 The condition of students learning achievement (quality) is extremely poor in mathematics compare to language. This study found that after the successful completion of the primary level education, 18. 6 per cent children could not recognize the numbers, 26. 7 per cent children can recognize the numbers but not able to do addition or subtraction, 23. 9 per cent children only can do subtraction, and only 30. 7 per cent children can do addition, subtraction as well as division. Table 2 contains data relating to mathematical learning achievement (quality) in all Indian states. IMPROVING QUALITY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION For improving quality, the concerned authorities need to emphasis on the following issues,Early childhood education is extremely important and must be universalized. Aelevant curriculum. Accurate assessment of learning outcomes. Participatory management of education system. Engaging local communities,. Using ICT in teaching learning process Training of teachers and administrators of ICT. ,District Institute of Education and Training (DIETs) and State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) need to be more strengthened and undergo structural changes. ,Establishment of a National Primary Education Assessment system like National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) for Higher education. ,Strengthening the teacher training institution. Reform in examination system. Proficiency in English is widely perceived as an important avenue for employment and upward knowledge, which also greatly facilitates the pursuit of higher education. English should be incorporated into the curriculum of primary schools as a language subject. CONCLUSION It appears from the empirical study that quality of primary education has been compromised for its universality in India. Operation Black Board, District Primary Education Project, National Literacy Programme, Sarvha Shiksha Abhiyan—all aim at universalizing. It is time that the nation pays heed to the quality dimension. As it has already been pointed out, quality indirectly helps in making the quantity. As a result, quality improvement programmes need to be devised for all levels—national, state and district.

Resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

Resistance of a wire Essay George Ohm discovered that a circuit sometimes resists the flow of electricity. He called this resistance. The rule that George Ohm came up with for working out the resistance of a wire is as followed: V/I = R V Volts I Current R Resistance This is known as Ohms Law Prediction The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the factors that affect the resistance of a wire. The hypothesis that I intent to prove or disprove is resistance will increase as the length of the wire increases, and resistance will decrease as the wire gets thicker. The experiment to come to this conclusion will be conducted as follows: firstly we attached three wires to nails that were held in place by a wooden board. The wires were attached o the nails by crocodile clips. The wires were all of different thickness, i. e. thick thin and medium circumferences. Electricity was supplied from a mains point,(in the form of volts) and from this high medium and low currents were passed through each of the wires. After all of the various currents had been passed through all of the wires, the resistance will be recorded using an ohm metre. After all of the initial measurements have been taken, the ohm metre will be moved 10 cm further away from the power supply for each of the wire, and will be further repeated in intervals of 10 cm to see if the length of the wire has any bearing on the resistance of the wire. All of the results will then be recorded in a table and then illustrated graphically to assist in the analysis of the end results. It is my prediction that as the current increases, and the length of the wire becomes longer; the resistance (measured in ohms) will increase as well. It is also my belief that as the wire gets thicker, the resistance will decrease. I also believe that the relation ship will prove to be linear and proportional between length and resistance . I devised this prediction after some careful and well thought out use of my scientific knowledge; the reasons I give for my prediction are as follows. The voltage travelling through the wires is a driving force, which effectively pushes the current around, acting as a kind of electrical pressure. A simple analogy to explain this would be to use the example of a hosepipe, i.e. a hosepipe with a greater circumference will offer less resistance than one with a smaller circumference, and also there is less surface area on a short piece of hosepipe, once again creating a smaller resistance. Also inline with my earlier analogy I believe that it will be a proportional relationship because if u double the length you double the available area for atoms within the wire The same principle can be used to explain resistance of a wire. The voltage is trying top push the current around the circuit, and the resistance is opposing it. The relative size of the voltage and resistance decide how big the current will be. So therefore if you increase the voltage, more current will flow, or more voltage will be needed to keep the same current flowing. So as a consequence I believe that a long thin wire, and the smallest will offer the greatest resistance by a thick short wire. Below is a diagram taken from the SEG physical processes revision guide (Richard Parsons 1998) that will graphically explain my above analogy. The independent variable of the wire is its length and the dependant variable of the wire is the resistance. The factors that will be kept constantly the same throughout the experiment are as followed: The thickness of the wire. The type of wire. The temperature. Safety precautions This experiment is relatively safe. The only two safety precautions that need to be taken into consideration during this experiment are: Make sure the surface you are carrying the experiment out on is dry, as a water is a conductor of electricity, and is very dangerous if they react together. Whilst the multimeter is turned on make sure you do not touch the wires, because they become very hot throughout the course of the experiment. Obtaining Firstly I attached the wire to a meter ruler with sticky tape. Then I switched the multi-meter on. The multi-meter is connection to the wire via the crocodile clips. I then recorded the resistance, lengths ranging from 0 100cm. Increasing by intervals of 10cm each time. Thick wire Low Current Medium Current High Current Length (cm) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Average Resistance Medium wire Low Current Medium Current High Current Length (cm) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Average Resistance. Thin Wire Low Current Medium Current High Current Length (cm) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Average Resistance Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Effective Leadership and Teamwork in Nursing

Effective Leadership and Teamwork in Nursing Effective leadership and teamwork in nursing, with particular reference to psychiatric (mental health) nursing, within the context of professional practice and client (patient) perspectives As part of the campaign to deliver effective health and social care, the Government’s modernisation agenda focuses on strengthening nursing leadership and developing inter-professional teamwork. It is proposed that having good quality clinical leadership skills among all health professionals is perceived as vital to the provision of high-quality, effective patient-centred care, as well as for the development and future of the National Health Service (NHS) (Department of Health (DOH), 2000, pp59-71). Nurse leadership has developed significantly over the past decade and now nurses can become nurse consultants, nurse practitioners, and modern matrons or run nurse-led units. It is debated that high calibre nurse leadership can produce more motivated and effectual staff, reduce the risk of errors in drug management, decrease staff turnover and rates of sickness, result in fewer patient complaints and most importantly improve patient care (Williams et al, 2001, pp1-3). This essay wi ll critically analyse effective leadership and teamwork in nursing, especially within a mental health nursing context, with respect to professional practice and patient perspectives. As mentioned leadership skills have for a long time been acknowledged as a solution to the provision of good health care. In order to achieve first-rate health care, healthcare personnel especially senior nurses must be able to effectively lead teams, particularly across professional, clinical and organisational boundaries (Taylor, 2007, p30). Two of the key roles of a lead nurse or senior nurse manager are that of supporting staff and overseeing nursing in the provision of patient care (Castledine, 2004, p119). It is proposed that meeting staff needs improves satisfaction, productivity and efficiency and it is debated that productivity is now an important concept within health and social care sectors. It is suggested that productivity within the healthcare industry is defined by the quality of patient care. Arguably, productivity is not exclusively dependent upon how hard and well individuals work, but about meeting staff needs and support from leaders and colleagues (Moiden, 2003, p19). Debatably, where team leaders or managers are concerned about the needs and objectives of their staff, and are aware of the social and physical conditions that affect their working environments, productivity and efficiency will improve. It is possibly that a lack of working environments that support staff affects the quality of care for patients. It is suggested that it is vital that the nurse manager has leadership skills that allow a team to work together effectively (Moiden, 2003, p19). Nurse leaders sho uld be seen frequently by those they lead as high visibility could ensure that support is obtainable when most needed. Similarly, nurse leaders must ensure that staff skills are used in such a way that patients’ obtain the greatest benefit from their abilities. This can be achieved by the nurse leaders enabling others to act and giving positive responses to work-related performance. This will facilitate motivation, increasing job satisfaction and promoting better patient care (Clegg, 2000), p44). Within a psychiatric nursing environment whether it is in the community or in a mental health unit teamwork is imperative for both the staff and the service users. In the field of psychiatric nursing, nurses work as a team with other professionals such as psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, occupational therapists and social workers. Therefore, responsibility for the service users is shared across the whole multi-disciplinary team and each service user relates to several team members (Williams, 2005, p39). Arguably, the team approach to patient care within mental health nursing has advantages in terms of reducing dependency on team members, and reducing levels of burnout. It is debated that teamwork is vital in order to provide a safe and therapeutic environment that respects the service user’s dignity while promoting independence and preparation for life in society. The team approach can be supportive and creative but it is not without its problems (Machin, 1998, p17). Onyett et al (1997) studied a sample of four hundred and forty-five team members across various disciplines working in fifty-seven Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs). Emotional exhaustion, low personal accomplishment, depersonalisation, job satisfaction and sick leave was examined in relation to the perceived clarity of the role of the team, personal role clarity, identification with ones profession and the team, caseload size, composition and the frequency with which users were seen. Excessive emotional exhaustion was reported, predominantly among consultant psychiatrists, social workers, nurses and psychologists. High job satisfaction, high individual achievement and â€Å"low depersonalisation† were also found. Job satisfaction was associated with â€Å"team role clarity† and identification with the team. Caseload size, assemblage and the frequency with which service users were seen were not associated with job satisfaction or burnout. Important disparities were f ound between disciplines on all variables except sick leave. Therefore, on the evidence presented it could be argued that team membership has different implications for different disciplines. Debatably, greater attention is needed to the composition, training and leadership of CMHTs rather than hope that the disciplines will spontaneously work effectively together. It is important to note that the research used here of evidence of effectiveness of teamwork has various limitations. Firstly, the small sample size makes it not viable to relate the findings to all CMHTs in the United Kingdom. Secondly, the questions asked in the study might be seen to be leading questions and this makes the study unreliable. Thirdly, this study does not take into account the personal views of the members of the team. The individual views on the effectiveness of multi-disciplinary teamwork from the nurses, occupational therapists and social workers could make this research more valid as relationships and issues of skill mix between the disciplines could have been explored within the context of patient care. Teamwork appears to be more effective in enabling first-class patient care within hospital based mental health units. Flockhart and Moore (2002, p96) assessed the effectiveness of teamwork on patient care at the psychiatric intensive care unit that is part of the Maudsley NHS Trust in South London. The unit admits some of the most challenging patients who cannot be safely managed on general wards. Many patients suffer from paranoid schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder and can be violent or aggressive, suicidal, harming themselves or be abusing various substances. Patients are only admitted on the unit for clinical reasons, not for safety. The main ethos of the unit is to help the service users achieve their maximum level of functioning so that they can be cared for with the fewest possible restrictions. It is important therefore that in this unit and in others like it in the United Kingdom the nurses need to be good team workers and be able to deal with issues calmly. Patient involvement and collaborative working has been addressed by joint care planning with the family and other key disciplines such as social workers, probation officers and various psychiatric and psychology therapists and this had led to rapid improvements in patients’ mental state and behaviour. The collaborative teamwork that focuses on the patients’ safety has improved team communication and effectiveness. Arguably, this particular unit has an efficient team that has empowered and enabled the staff to provide the best and most effective care for the service users. This is because the team is organised, supported and valued by each of the other members and the skill mix is ideal for improving patients’ mental health. It is also important to note that this unit has one dedicated team leader or co-ordinator that provides a consistent approach that meets all the needs of the service users and staff. Routine physical proximity appears to contribute to constructive working relationships and this has been illustrated by the effective interprofessional working relationships observed in this unit. Debatably, in contrast, within a community setting each discipline will have its own team leader or manager and this might lead to inconsistencies, differences and confusion in policy and decision making. In reviewing the literature for this essay the author would like to propose the following recommendations. Debatably, more evidence based research is needed on how effective leadership leads to enhanced practice and improved patient care, especially within mental health nursing. There appears to be some literature on the effectiveness of teamwork within the mental nursing profession. Arguably, this is because the provisions needed by mental health service users are wide and varied and historically multi-disciplinary teams have always been the solution to providing care and support for service users whether that care was deemed to be of good quality or of inferior quality. However, there is room for more evidence-based literature on the effectiveness of teamwork within mental health nursing. Similarly, it is suggested that there is a need for more evidence-based literature on the effectiveness of teamwork in nursing in general. Correspondingly, there is little or no evidence-based lit erature that expounds service user’s perspectives about how efficient teamwork improves their care. From the evidence presented it can be said that many factors lead to better team performance and arguably, one of the most significant is that of team leadership. Good quality leadership skills are the solution to enabling teams to provide high quality effective patient care. Effective team leadership improves satisfaction among team members and patients and improves productivity. In order to be effective as a leader the team leader must be visible and approachable. Team working within a hospital setting is generally more effective in delivering good quality patient care than that often achieved within a community setting where multi-disciplinary teams are involved. The stress on team members in CMHTs is related to the standard of leadership as well as the composition and training of the team. Experience in the Maudsley NHS Trust illustrates the importance of good team working and leadership in determining the quality of outcomes for patients. Evidence in the literature studied is pr esented from the perspective of staff in healthcare teams while there is little or no evidence of the views of service users on the subjects of leadership and teamwork. References Castledine, G (2004) Nursing leadership must keep its roots in nursing, British Journal of Nursing, 12, 2, 119. Clegg, A (2000) Leadership: improving the quality of patient care, Nursing Standard, 14, 30, 43-45. Department of Health (2000) The NHS Plan. A Plan for Investment. A Plan for Reform. London, HMSO. Flockhart, G and Moore, S (2002) Teamwork is the key, Nursing Standard, 17, 3, 96. Machin, T (1998) Teamwork in community mental health, British Journal of Community Nursing, 3, 1, 17-24. Moiden, N (2003) A framework for leadership, Nursing Management, 9, 10, 19-23. Onyett, S, Pillinger, T and Muijen, M (1997) Job satisfaction and burnout among members of community mental health teams, Journal of Mental Health, 6, 1, 56-66. Taylor, V (2007) Leadership for service improvement, Nursing Management, 13, 9, 30-35. Williams, T, Taylor, S and Petts, S (2001) Assessing leadership development training, Nursing Times, 97, 42, 1-3, www.nursingtimes.net, date accessed 11/02/2007. Williams, C (2005) Assertive outreach: the team approach, Mental Health Practice, 9, 2, 38-40.

Do We Have Souls? :: essays research papers

Do We Have Souls? On the question of 'Do we have souls' and 'Can they survive after death', this writer will attempt a reasoned explanation and defense of my views to this philosophical question. After careful explanation of my own views , thoughts, and careful examination of the selected materials for this paper; I have come to this conclusion: unlike the problem of free will, the question of human beings having souls and their survival after the physical body is deceased, is not an easily argued topic. The problem of free will [as an example] can be more rationally discussed and analyzed through tangible means such as patterned and learned behavior and its like, but in dealing with the question of souls and in accepting their existence, it is an intangible thing which cannot be proved or disproved [at least as long as the physical body is existing]. This writer believe that a discussion , no matter how seemingly rational or even irrational is purely speculation and can have no real physical proof of that existence. Of the read philosophers on this topic, all are speculatory in their attempt to prove, disprove, or even clarify their position of the topic in question. This writer will first contribute his own speculation and proceed to explore the selected philosophers material on this subject. Though it first must be said that most of the read material is or seems to be question-begging and therefore leads only to more questions from myself. The question of having souls and their existence after the physical body is deceased has always been on men's minds. From the first beginnings of written history from the Ancient Near Eastern civilizations [Egyptians, Mesopotamian] , men [people] have always regarded the afterlife and the question of souls. It was not given much philosophical thought until the ancient Greek sophists, in the decline of their city-states that this topic was explored, but not only explored but started to gather acceptance among the people. Again, only when 'physical' life was becoming less cherished due to the decline and unhappiness with their earthly surroundings. Though the Hebrew people spoke and thought of an afterlife for their spirit, it was really not until widespread Christianity came about, and again this was at the time of decline of the Roman Empire. My initial point being that the idea of souls and their existence seemed to grow stronger at times of great depression or strife [much like when people pray to God when they only need something]. It was then that faith and hope for a better

Essay --

General Information Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found in all living thing and one of the building blocks of the body. (1, 2, 3) The molecule is found in the nucleus of the cell and it is a double helix molecule and it looks like a twisted ladder. If it was unwound the molecule would be 6 feet in length! (2) DNA has 3 nucleotides which are sugar, base, and phosphate. (1) The four bases, which are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine(C), and guanine (G) and they are all Nitrogen bases and there are about 3 billion of them.(1, 2, 3, 4) Adenine and thymine always pair up with one another and cytosine and guanine always pair together. (1, 2, 3, 4) In the cell there is also the RNA which acts as the messenger for the DNA because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus. (1) RNA also doesn’t have thymine, instead it has uracil. (1, 2, 3, 4) The RNA then goes off to tell the ribosomes to make protein for parts of your body that need it the most. (1) Genes are the heredity material that is made up by DNA. (1, 2, 3) Your genes are all have from your mother and half from your father. (2) All of your genes are inside chromosomes which carry your genes. (2, 3, 4) The chromosomes carry thousands of your genes and your DNA will replicate your genes so it stays the same. (1, 2, 3, 4) If the gene code is changed it will cause a mutation. Some mutations can be good like evolution, but some can cause cancer. (1, 2, 3, 4) The 4 different types of mutation are point, frame shift, deletion, and insertion. (1, 2, 3, 4) Point and Frame shift are not as bad because it’s just changing a letter in a sequence but, insertion and deletion are changing the whole sequence. (1) Chromosomes are the tightly packed strands in the DNA which hold all... ...es. Advancement engineering is a newer field but it’s very dangerous because you are advancing the genes beyond their level. Also, advancement engineering has not been successful without any fatal diseases in the future. So we have to ask ourselves is it right to mess with these things. Conclusion The main goal for the H.G.P. was to figure out the complete puzzle of human genome for further study. If you think about it, the Human Genome Project could make people rethink life itself because there is so much technology today that is being used for medical purposes. But you have to think of this new field of science is like opening Pandora’s Box because we don’t know if there are side effects to these treatments and ideas. In conclusion, the Human Genome Project is the start of amazing new ideas to cure cancer or rare diseases, but is it right to mess with life? Essay -- General Information Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found in all living thing and one of the building blocks of the body. (1, 2, 3) The molecule is found in the nucleus of the cell and it is a double helix molecule and it looks like a twisted ladder. If it was unwound the molecule would be 6 feet in length! (2) DNA has 3 nucleotides which are sugar, base, and phosphate. (1) The four bases, which are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine(C), and guanine (G) and they are all Nitrogen bases and there are about 3 billion of them.(1, 2, 3, 4) Adenine and thymine always pair up with one another and cytosine and guanine always pair together. (1, 2, 3, 4) In the cell there is also the RNA which acts as the messenger for the DNA because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus. (1) RNA also doesn’t have thymine, instead it has uracil. (1, 2, 3, 4) The RNA then goes off to tell the ribosomes to make protein for parts of your body that need it the most. (1) Genes are the heredity material that is made up by DNA. (1, 2, 3) Your genes are all have from your mother and half from your father. (2) All of your genes are inside chromosomes which carry your genes. (2, 3, 4) The chromosomes carry thousands of your genes and your DNA will replicate your genes so it stays the same. (1, 2, 3, 4) If the gene code is changed it will cause a mutation. Some mutations can be good like evolution, but some can cause cancer. (1, 2, 3, 4) The 4 different types of mutation are point, frame shift, deletion, and insertion. (1, 2, 3, 4) Point and Frame shift are not as bad because it’s just changing a letter in a sequence but, insertion and deletion are changing the whole sequence. (1) Chromosomes are the tightly packed strands in the DNA which hold all... ...es. Advancement engineering is a newer field but it’s very dangerous because you are advancing the genes beyond their level. Also, advancement engineering has not been successful without any fatal diseases in the future. So we have to ask ourselves is it right to mess with these things. Conclusion The main goal for the H.G.P. was to figure out the complete puzzle of human genome for further study. If you think about it, the Human Genome Project could make people rethink life itself because there is so much technology today that is being used for medical purposes. But you have to think of this new field of science is like opening Pandora’s Box because we don’t know if there are side effects to these treatments and ideas. In conclusion, the Human Genome Project is the start of amazing new ideas to cure cancer or rare diseases, but is it right to mess with life?

Drug War :: essays research papers

Drug War or Hypocritical Policies As of April 21, 2005, the U.S has spent $6,193,703,704 Federal dollars and $9,507,335,186 State dollars1on the â€Å"Drug War† in America. Has all of this money gone to waste or are we fighting the inevitable. I say the inevitable. We as Americans don’t want the governments side of EVERYTHING we have a say in what goes on in this country, don’t we? If this is so why then is this occurring: â€Å"In 2000 it was discovered that the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy used financial incentives to get newspapers and magazines to editorialize in favor of the drug war and get TV and movie producers to change their scripts to reflect pro-drug war views. Court records show that Members of Congress created the federal government’s first anti-drug advertising campaign in 1998 as a way of using billions of taxpayer dollars to influence voters to reject state medical marijuana ballot measures.†2 These people who claim to be trying to help America with the â€Å"Drug War† problem, are scribes and Pharisees as quoted from the Bible â€Å"But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in yourselves, neither suffer ye them that are entering to go in.†3 As Chris Rock said on the movie Head of State, â€Å"How can you fight a war on drugs if you never smoked the chronic?† These people don’t understand how their choices because of their social rankings affect our teen age. We don’t have the resources to get the drugs that others may be able to obtain. Especially the lower- class people who have limited means so of course they are wanting the cheaper drugs, such as cocaine or heroine.

Problems teenagers face Essay

Acquiring an Identity and establishing self-esteem are two of the biggest obstacles that teenagers face. As children mature, they view themselves in more complicated ways. By the time they mature into teenagers they are able to give detailed psychological descriptions of themselves. Consequently, they become more interested in understanding their own personalities and why they behave the way they do. During the period of adolescence, feelings towards oneself change. Nonetheless, as individuals become more and more confident their self esteem increases. Most teenagers go through periods when they are unsure of who they truly are. When they reach adulthood it is more likely that these young adults have a better sense of their real personality then someone who didn’t go through this struggle. This is mostly do to the fact that if you have this problem at some point you tend to study who you really are and in the end know yourself better. A child who is popular is much less likely to go through this issue. As children get older and begin high school there is an increased importance of friends. As teenagers begin trusting and telling secrets to their friends, their relationship gains a sense of loyalty and obligation. When a teenagers finds him or herself thinking like a someone else it develops into a friendship. If a strong bond occurs with someone normally of the opposite sex dating might occur. Dating is a very loose word which can mean many different things. It can mean going out in a group to have fun, going out in a group to get to know each other, or just two people going out to see a movie. After feelings have grown between two people they sometimes experiment sexually with each other. Most teenagers’ first practice with sex does not involve another person. Many young adults have sexually related fantasies about someone they know (or someone they don’t know for that matter). It is also fairly common for adolescents to masturbate. When many adolescents have reached high school, they have had some experience with intimate sexual contact, such as kissing, caressing, or sexual intercourse. In the 80’s it was common to become sexually active young, however now it seems as though that rate is slowing down. Judaism and many other religions look down on sexual activity or anything of that nature before marriage. Sexuality is only one of the main issues that high-schoolers face. Another main concern in a teenager’s life is school. The school day and the school atmosphere is much more treacherous then it was in elementary school. When they were younger children very few classrooms and they were â€Å"taken care of† by one or two teachers. In high school, children tend to have a different teacher for each subject. This puts a huge strain on kids.Also, in elementary school, children work with their teachers all day. Once they are in Junior high they need to learn how to manage their time alone. This can put a huge dent in people self esteem. Because they are so stresses their interest in other things may decline which only makes the situation worse. The only way to try to avoid this is to prepare ahead of time for it. That way you will expect it and be ready for the change. Another huge problem that teenagers face is alcohol and drug abuse. Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are big issues in many schools. Adolescents tend to experiment to fit in with their friends. Teenagers may see smoking or drinking a gateway to popularity. There are many more reasons as to why children try drugs, alcohol, and cigarrettes, but that is one of the immense reasons Establishing a sexual identity is another huge concern in the eyes of teenagers. Sexual identity mainly means who you are attracted to (Same/Opposite sex). People whose own sex appeals to them are called homosexuals/lesbian. People who are attracted to the opposite sex are called heterosexual. When most children enter high school they are spending most of their time with the same sex. An outcome to this would be that many adolescents begin to experience sexual feelings before they come close to anyone of the  opposite sex. This only means that their sexual development is beyond their social development. This isn’t always an obstacle but it is something all maturing teenagers face. Eating disorders is one of the most serious obstacles that teenagers face. Some adolescents, especially females, become so concerned about weight and their looks that they take drastic and dangerous measures to remain thin. The most common practice of this is causing yourself to throw up.This is called bulimia. Young women with a disorder called anorexia nervosa starve themselves to keep their weight low. These people view themselves as overweight when they are actually thin. Bulimia and anorexia nervosa are uncommon until one is a teenager and after one is 21. Their are many issues that teenagers face and they all, in one way or another, effect that child’s self esteem. Almost every aspect of maturing for a teenager can cause stress. It is a very sensitive and important time for all human beings.Every year more and more is being done to prevent the stress we face but there is still much more work to be done.

Organizations, competition and environment Essay

There are different kinds of organizations. All of which exemplify the complex nature of organizational relationships. The public sector is an excellent illustration of the interaction and tensions both within the organizational essentials, as well as those operating between the organization and its environment. Besides, government policy of privatization, deregulation and the commercialization of the public sector has destined that the peculiarity between public and private concerns is becoming ever more blurred, further explanatory our focus. Though, we will discuss them briefly for better understanding. Private organizations sprang up equally for economic and non-economic purposes. Scientific relations, propaganda leagues, religious, sports and tourist associations, etc. , became global in scope. The growth of private organizations for economic rationales is connected with the capitalist expansion of this period. A large numbers of commercial firms implicit an international character by extending their activity to all parts of the world. And so international companies came into being; international competition was synchronized by agreements, ententes and cartels between private organizations, which at times took on a quasi-public form. The public services are those public sector organizations giving public goods to citizens, excluding the public corporations. The major UK public services are central and local government, health care, education, the police, fire services and the armed forces and their employee relations have always be different from those in the private sector. This difference does not relate mainly to the absence of profit, a characteristic the public service sector shares with the private ‘not for profit’ sector, though clearly this limits the resources and strategies of both types of organizations. Nor does it relay to the greater strength of trade unions and communal bargaining in the majority of the public services compared with the private sector, as this has not always been the case and in several public services, i. e. the police and the armed forces, trade unions are outlawed. The difference is that, unlike the private sector, the fabric of public service employee relations is turn through with the key dimension of political power. As Storey has commented, the dilemmas for public sector managers ‘derive . . . rom the inherently political nature of the values and objectives which should inescapably govern the way taken’ (Storey 1992a: 55). Though tere are also Voluntary organizations that held responsible (to funders and to the public) for the grants they receive, and may as well be competing for funding in an added stringent environment. But the extent to which voluntary organizations are held to account for the grant they obtain and the involvedness of the accountability mechanisms needs to be perceptively tailored to the size of the grant, the stage of development of the organization, and the nature and purpose of the organization. Major accountability for the welfare of its citizens, the charities and other voluntary organizations which had established and delivered so many services were to be displaced to the margins, to become little more than icing on the constitutional cake. In Britain the development of voluntary sector studies was led by David Billis and his colleagues, initially at Brunel University and now at the London School of Economics. Other main contributions have been made by the Open University’s Business School and by Martin Knapp and his colleagues at the University of Kent, while scholars at another dozen British universities have turned their consideration to the study of the sector. Developing and disseminating visions and missions for organizations is considered as a basic component of alignment to facilitate stakeholders to know what an organization’s values are and what it stands for. Though, there are definitely those who believe that this has been, in several organizations, a purely cynical process to influence alignment. The gap practiced by staff and customers between the rhetoric of espoused values and the policies, procedures and practices supports this view. Expressions such as ‘we need buy-in’, ‘how will we get staff to sign off’, ‘developing ownership of the vision and values’, while professing to reveal a concern for alignment may simply obscure a deliberate and conscious choice of language somewhat than making real changes in the way things are done. Ever more, the shift in the relationship between an organization and its stakeholders facilitated by technology is resulting in ongoing, dynamic and receptive processes being developed. Organizations view themselves as communities and to act similar to communities not only inside the walls of the corporate offices, plants and outlets but as well outside in the wider society. Corporations do not function in a vacuum. The reason governments’ worldwide proffer giving incentive schemes to entice businesses to their shores is because governments know that the existence of such businesses can provide community benefits least of which are jobs. There are also well documented instance of the desolation that a company pulling out of a country can have on the community it leaves behind. The impacts can be massive. Corporations, consequently, exist within a context a framework which they cannot ignore and a framework in which they have certain responsibilities. There are substantial international differences in the ways in which the local and national economy and the affiliation of the economy to market, state, and civil society are envisioned. The ways in which the local and national economy is conceptualized and understood, and the ways in which it is seen to relay to social exclusion, have taken a variety of forms, partly reflecting changeable national cultural and political traditions and policy choices (Jouen 2000:15-26). In the UK, ‘†¦a country characterized by a welfare system of an enduring type†¦the distribution and production of goods and services was undertaken mainly by†¦non-profit organizations’ (Borzaga and Maiello 1998:25). Reflecting the dearth of a strong welfare state, there has been an entrenched tradition of seeking to build a sense of community and persuade local ‘bottom up’ community development progressively distanced from the politically-inspired community activism in which it was initially rooted. The Third Sector became a new form of organizing welfare via non-profit and voluntary organizations. Planned or command economic system place in the employment of large workforces to mass produce goods for a mass consumer market persistent by growing wages, state demand management policies and state welfare provision. A distinguishing combination of state and market – centered on the economics of mass production/consumption and Keynesian regulation catered for economic and social need transversely the social spectrum. ‘The free market and restricted government form the space in which all the institutions that stand between the individual and the state can develop and thrive’ (Willetts 1999:31), stress the virtue of self-responsibility. The social economy can instill an ideology of self-motivation and self-provision, serving to return individuals as free market agents. Whereas, the capitalist system underline on individual greed, profit, and market value relatively than social need. The linkage between the local and national economy through evocations of community and local connectivity is ever more justified through the specificity of problems at the local level. The localized notion of the economy emphasizes the capability to address specific local needs and tackle localized social segregation. The mixed system, therefore, conceptualized as an aggregation of localized Third Sector organizations, ready and competent to combat localized social exclusion. For ‘the free market/capitalist system approach makes obvious the extent to which alterations in the division of labor between monetized economic activity and non-monetized activity depends on the local context and culture’. As a result, the ‘national’ and, reflecting well-established or further recent forms of regional devolution in a range of advanced capitalist states; ‘regional’ social economies might be simply heterogeneous agglomerations of localized practices. The role of the state in the economy mostly influences organizations. The capacity for adapting organization new open and competitive framework and significant investments in territorial infrastructures, with the resultant risk of an overly heavy presence of the state in the economy. This risk in turn leads to a requirement for institutional reform, to bring the Union closer to citizens, and at the national level to push a considerable amount of power towards lower institutional levels which are closer to the individual citizen, as laid down in the principle of subsidiary which is enshrined in the Maastricht Treaty as one of the basic principles of the Union, and as has been forcefully reasserted during the Intergovernmental Conference. Regulations by the government have the economic result of segmenting the market according to diverse qualities of the product, subject to the government’s authority, on which the public administration depends and which firms recognize. Inside a single regulated segment there can be cost advantages from a more competent use of internal economic resources, from a lessening in transaction costs, and from the generation of constructive externalities. Amongst the different segments subject to different regulations, however, these advantages turn into disadvantages, making entry into the segment in question more arduous. If the qualitative regulation is on a per-country basis, these increased demands take on the uniqueness of non-tariff barriers. It follows that the means by which such regulations are arrived at has been measured extremely relevant, politically, by national governments, all the more so the greater the force of commercial relations among states. Types of market certainly influence the organization; international production mainly comes from the proponents of the ‘internationalization of capital’ school. As focus on monopoly is based on a neoclassical-type ‘quantity theory of competition’, which observes competition and monopoly as polar opposite types of market structure. In fact, competition must be viewed as a process which dialectically links competition and monopoly. Accordingly, escalating concentration need not entail monopoly power, given actual and prospective competition by rival firms. The market forces is a nexus of horizontal relations in which virtual power is not given, but is contestable on the basis of the capability to influence organization productive activity. The organization of production and industrial competition are as a result the instruments for affirming the rights of individuals in society. The economic dynamic is therefore associated to institutional change, and this is linked to the existence of a multiplicity of subjects, free of institutional restrictions and economically independent, capable to compete to confirm their power and their social position. n economy based on the development of market forces needs a strong state to guarantee property rights and to legal private contracts, but also to guarantee those positive externalities that no one individual citizen could set off by himself, like defense, justice and public works, and those essential for collective growth such as communications, educational and health systems, and finally to avert any risk of monopolization (Robbins 1978:37). Organizations of the European Union try to pack the political gap by developing regional alliance as a condition to EU membership. It resulted in the creation of a committee of cooperation in Central Europe between Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary in 1991. This sub-regional cooperation, validated by the Visegrad Agreements, evolved lastly into a quadrilateral free trade agreement (CEFTA). The Treaty on European Union appeared to induct a new era in European foreign policy that appear to imply that European Political Cooperation (EPC) would relent to a more obligatory intergovernmental procedure. The planned use of Community institutions as well appeared to indicate a reduction of the attempt to sustain control over EPC by governments at every levels of the progression. Yet, if the economic effects of Visegrad are worldwide positive, it was not part of a progressive scheme of assimilation into the EU. On the contrary, it has formed a feeling of the marginalization of the eastern countries on the Western European scene. If it was thought that the CEFTA symbolized a structure of dialogue with the EU, the increasing number of eastern countries applying for membership provided such a proposition indefensible. Yet, even though the EU was rather slow in recognizing the goal of the eastern countries to assimilate with Western Europe, the different trade agreements showed the evolution of the EU towards the question of the enlargement. Hence, the approach between the EU and the eastern countries might be illustrated by bilateral Agreements, support programmes (like the PHARE programme) and mainly by the Association Agreements. Certainly, the appreciation of the enthusiasm of the eastern countries to become members of the EU is illustrated in the preamble of the Europe Agreements: ‘Having in mind that the final objective†¦is to become a member of the Community and that this association, in the view of the Parties, will help to achieve this objective’. Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L 347, Brussels, Vol. 36, December 1993). Centrelink co. UK is the coordinated efforts of numerous persons toward common objectives. At the same time, the structure of organization is almost inexorably a hierarchy of superiors and subordinates in which the higher levels exercise power over the lower levels. The thriving leaders of organizations, or more precisely the organization builders, are in any s ociety a small, but aggressive minority. But they feed the aspirations, give expression to the goals, and shape the destinies of peoples. They play the principal roles on the stage of history; they systematize the march of the masses, and they are responsible for the direction, the pace, and the definitive success of the march. The objectives within private and public sector is a result of choice and diversity in the provision of public services has been greater diversity in the range and type of public or near-public bodies used to provide public services. The range of bodies has given significance to the ecology heuristic in decision making about public services. The ecology heuristic is used more when there is an assemblage of stakeholders associated with a service. Like Pascal’s sphere the new and diverse public sector has its bounds everywhere and its centre nowhere. Rhodes (1995) argued that the public sector is increasingly comprised from networks, as well as from hierarchies and markets, as government moves from a system of government into a system of governance: This use sees governance as a broader term than government with services provided by any transformation of government and the private and voluntary sectors. Inter-organizational linkages are a defining feature of service delivery and I use the term network to describe the numerous interdependent actors involved in delivering services. These networks are made up of organizations that need to exchange resources (for example money, information, expertise) to attain their objectives, to maximize their influence over outcomes and to evade becoming dependent on other players in the game (Rhodes 1995:9). The growth of firms’ diversification is a significant element in companies such as Centrelink co. adopting a divisional structure. Over the past ten years over three-quarters of British companies have upturned their diversification; in contrast German companies have been disinclined to pursue refocusing strategies. Stakeholders are constituted to co-ordinate wider goals as if they are a type of social contract, undervalues the extent to which dominant power groupings have set those goals and shaped the appropriate structures. In fact, co-ordination or co-operation might reflect pressure, constraint or acquiescence to power as much as shared goals. Moreover, the development of organizational culture as an analytical device leaves much to be desired. There are troubles of defining the elements which comprise organizational culture, and, until we develop some systematic measures of organizational concept then its utility as an analytical tool should be limited. Even then, culture is much more complex than many credits. It is dynamic, in that the behavior and expressed feelings of staff can adapt a culture over time. Many organizations are also multicultural. Furthermore it is very hard to observe and measure something that is implicit, informal and very often invisible. Given such problems it is difficult to establish consistent links between culture and performance, let alone recognize how such a relationship operates.

9/11 Informative Speech

SAMPLE SPEECH OUTLINE INTRODUCTION Attention Getter: How many of you still remember September 11, 2001? Connect/Relate with the Audience: Many of us were around the age of 9 or 10 when these attacks occurred and didn't have a clue of what was going on. We just knew it wasn't normal. Thesis: The World Trade Center attacks were part of a strategic plan of a terrorist group al-Qaeda. And I will be mapping out the attacks as they unfolded. Preview of Main Points: Four planes were hijacked, each intended for different targets.According to the New York Times, the flights that were hijacked included AA Flight 11, UA Flight 175, AA Flight 77, and UA Flight 93. (Schmemann A1) Transition to Body: These attacks have proven that evil still exists in this world but even after such a loss, our nation still stands strong. BODY (2-5 MAIN POINTS) I. First Main Point: American Airlines flight 11 was the first plane to hit. a. First Sub-point: Intended flight was from Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angel es, California. (Schmemann A1) i. Also read: Informative Essay About AfricaSupport : It carried 87 passengers plus the hijackers. ii. Support : Three people were injured and 1 was killed when the hijacking took place. b. Second Sub-point: Flight 11 hit the WTC north building at approximately 8:46 AM. iii. Support : Many believed this crash was not on purpose but was because of the jet failing. iv. Support: At 10:28 AM the building collapsed due to structural failure. c. Transition: None of us didn't expect three more planes headed for destruction. II. Second Main Point: United Airlines Flight 175 was the second plane to be hijacked. . First Sub-point: This planes intended path was also from Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angeles, California. (Schmemann A1) v. Support : This flight carried 60 passengers plus the few hijackers onboard. vi. Support : Fifteen minutes after Flight 11 collided with the North tower, Flight 175 crashed into the South tower at 9:01 AM. (Wood 1) e. Second Sub-point: This impact was the one many of us saw on live TV. vii. Support : This flight came crashed into the South tower at almost 600 miles per hour. viii.Support: It caused the south tower to collapse before the north tower at approximately 9:59 AM. (Wood 1) f. Transition: The other two planes which were intended for a crash landing were not bound for New York. One successfully reached its target, while another was stopped in its tracks. III. Third Main Point: According to The final two planes which were American Airlines flight 77 and United Airlines flight 93 were all headed to the Washington D. C. area. g. First Sub-point: According to James Harris, Author, Flight 77 was intended to collide into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. x. Support : The flight carried 59 people plus the hijackers. x. Support : Impact was determined at approximately 9:37 AM. (Harris 189) h. Second Sub-point: Flight 93 carried a significant story behind its hijacking. xi. Support : Evan Thomas states that It departed from Newark, New Jers ey and planned to land in San Francisco. The hijackers intended to crash the plane in the final target of their scheme which was the White House. xii. Support: When the passengers onboard knew of the three hijackings.They teamed up in an effort to regain control of the plane and attempt to bring it to safety. xiii. Support: After fighting their way into the flight deck, the few passengers attempted to grab hold of the steering column. However, with the struggle between them and the hijackers, the airplane crash landed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. xiv. Support: All onboard the plane were instantly killed, however those onboard are considered heroes for their effort in not only defending themselves, but the country. (Evans 54) CONCLUSIONSummary of Main Points: That Tuesday on September 11, 2001. The nation had suffered a severe loss totaling around 3000 deaths in this attack. Three out of the 4 planes made it to their intended targets. But United 93 veered the hijackers into an ope n field. I consider not only those involved with the rescue, but those who were killed as heroes. Clincher: These attacks did cause pain and sorrow. And has placed something unforgettable in our minds. However, we as a nation have come together and become stronger as a whole. Works Cited Evans, Thomas. The Real Story Of Flight 93. † Newsweek 138. 23 (2001): 54. Academic Search Premier. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. Harris, James. â€Å"September 11, 2001, Airliner Crash Into The Pentagon. † Journal Of Performance Of Constructed Facilities 19. 3 (2005): 189-196. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2012. Schmemann, Serge. â€Å"U. S. ATTACKED; President Vows to Exact Punishment for ‘Evil'. † New York Times 12 Sept. 2001, Late ed. : A1. Print. Wood, Daniel. â€Å"The Nation Reels. † Christian Science Monitor 12 Sept. 2001: 1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 30 Sept. 2012.