Step by Wicked Step

STEP BY WICKED STEP Themes  ~ Step By Wicked Step Family relationships Coping with new family members for example Pixie understands that her new stepmother is having as much trouble ‘adjusting’ as she is. Family unity The nucleus of moral values, â€Å"the family unit,† is being invaded by outsiders (‘step’ or ‘steps’) and this causes disharmony. Dealing with adversities Young children and adults may find difficulties dealing with frustrations, fears and sadness. Being happy ‘Life has dealt us one hard blow, there is no reason for us to be unhappy for ever’. For example, Claudia realises it is not fair to hate her new stepmother, Stella.Think long enough before making a decision Richard Harwick made a rash decision to run away and that had changed the lives of his stepfather, mother and sister. Sibling rivalry Resentful step-siblings cause burden and hostility in a home. Coping with change All pain eventually heals and that we have the power to change things for the better. Being brave Characters like Claudia and Pixie are brave as they confess to their own rotten behaviour. Dealing with Separation and Divorce It deals with a social phenomenon that many people are experiencing, the idea of a divorce as somehow horrible.Separation and divorce, and the events leading up to them, interrupts the stability and predictability that children need. STEP BY WICKED STEP Synopsis By Chapter  ~ Step By Wicked Step Chapter 1- Chapter 7 Step By Wicked Step – Chapter 1 It is raining. Mr. Plumley and five pupil from Stagfire School are going to a haunted   house in a minibus. Ralpha, Claudia, Robbo, Collin and Pixie have been picked out by Miss O’Dell and herded into the minibus with Mr. Plumley. When they reach Creepsville, they think it is haunted. The last group tells tales of strange shadows and  footsteps and eerie figures in white gown   melting through the walls.There are no lights and Mr. Plumley is horrified to settle the pupils in pitch dark. They  go upstairs as they pass by oil painted portraits of Harwicks of all ages staring at them. As it is a rainy night, Pixie preferred safety in numbers. They have a rule â€Å"each bedroom is for either girls or boys. † Mr. Plumley does not know the rule. He tells the pupils to settle in while   he goes to look for the housekeeper. Robbo decides to explore two or three more stairs. He finds two more beds and a bathroom. The boys take the present room meanwhile Claudia and Pixie take the other. Colin points at the wall. He insists there is a door on the wall.When there is lightning, all of them see the wall papered door meeting the wall papered wall. As they enter the room, cobwebs indicate no one has been there. A tower off a tower. The shelf, desk and chair are filled with dust. Claudia sees a wooden cow balancing on   three legs. She strokes its nose. Suddenly, she hears a soft sound behind her. Robbo sets a globe of the world to spin on its axis. By looking around, they came to a conclusion that the last child who slept in it came from a rich family. They find out it is a boy’s room. Claudia notices a dusty green album in spidery writing on the cover. Richard Clayton Harwick – My Story.Read  and Weep. They hear the faint rumble of the bus. The other children have arrived. The 5 children rush to their rooms and pretend to be fast asleep. They do not want to miss the chance to read the album. Not many get a chance to peep   into someone else’s life and not many people are brave enough to tell you their story. By the time Miss O’Dell and Mr. Plumley come to the first tower room, they think that the children are fast asleep due to tiredness. Miss O’Dell continues to say that the five children have something in common. Mr. Plumley is puzzled as nothing seemed to be common in the five. Pixie is a trouble maker.Claudia is sensible. Ralph is quick-witted and hardworking unlike Colin who likes to   daydream. Robbo is soccer-mad. As Miss O’Dell goes down, the lights come again. She shuts the tower door leaving the five children who have been listening to their conversation. Step By Wicked Step – Chapter 2 The five children are waiting in an old house for the rest of their school group to arrive. They come across an old manuscript written by a boy who ran away when his mother remarried after his father’s death. Richard’s Story- Master Richard’s father had a fever. His mother tried her best to coax his father to eat something- but it was of no use.Richard asked George the gardener about his father. Richard calls him Mr Digby. Mr Digby did not answer him but hugged him hard instead. Lucy the maid sat by Richard’s bedside. When Richard asked if it was going to be today,she placed her finger on his lips and said â€Å"Hush! Don’t even speak of it. Little Charlotte called out to Richard a nd told him that Papa wanted to see him. He dashed as fast as he could. He came across Reverend Coldstone but did not stop although he was asked to. The reverend was angry. His mother was waiting at the doorway and reminded him not to cry.His father asked him to be good to his mother and sister. His last words were –â€Å"Obey your mother’s wishes to the letter. At the chapel, Mr. Coldstone consoled his mother. Richard heard him say -â€Å"When you are mine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Richard studied at Mordanger school. He hated it there. Now he was home. Charlotte realized that Richard hated his stepfather. Richard accuses that Charlotte had forgotten about their father. Charlotte denied it and advised him not to accuse Mr Coldstone as the murderer when their father died of fever. Nevertheless, Richard had decided to leave the three of them. Richard wrote in his diary that he worked in a ship.Whenever he wrote about Mr Coldstone, he refered to him as the ‘black batâ€℠¢. Twice his ship stopped at his hometown and he visited his home only to stand like a trespasser. It had been a long time since Richard had been home. Suddenly, he saw a note on the Captain’s table. He found out that his mother and stepfather had died. Charlotte wrote him a letter. In the letter, Charlotte wrote that things had been difficult as their mother spent a lot of money looking for him and they all suffered Mr Coldstone’s anger. Charlotte married Charles Devere although she did not love him because he had money and was willing to spend it to look for Richard.This would be the only letter from her. Step By Wicked Step – Chapter 3 Claudia’s Story: Green Pyjamas Claudia’s Mum and Dad quarreled a lot. One day, her Dad was gone to Granny’s house. However, he dropped by for tea. Claudia overheard the name â€Å"Stella†. Her Mum and even Granny had a row with Dad. Dad usually met Claudia at Granny’s. She missed her Dad so mu ch. The times spent with her Dad kept flooding back. She wanted things back the way they used to be. For the first time, Claudia had a separate Christmas. Later, she was introduced to Stella who was just plain and mousy. Claudia thought her mum was a whole lot better-looking than Stella.Claudia was rude when they went for a walk. Once back, they quarreled and the next day, Dad moved out of Granny’s house straight into with Stella. Claudia met her Dad off and on. Stella stayed out of it. She only made some light conversation with Claudia like asking about her friends and school. Those moments she would be thinking of her mum doing the house chores. After talking to her friend, Shreela, Claudia stopped blaming Stella. Dad and Stella arranged a party for their friends. Claudia was sent there for the day. Politely, she excused herself from the party and stayed in her room. Stella was relieved.Out of curiosity, Claudia decided to eavesdrop. She wore the green pyjamas given by Stel la as it was the exact shade of green of the giant fern. She sat beside the fern and listen to everything the adults downstairs were talking. The guests spoke about everything except about Mum, Dad, Stella or Claudia. Nobody praised Stella for the food nor even spoke to her. Claudia found that very rude as her Mum was not there. Claudia, unable to stand the treatment Stella was getting, made a grand appearance at the party and thanked Stella for the beautiful pyjamas she had brought for her. Finally, everyone started noticing Stella.As for Claudia and Stella, this was the starting point. Stella would teach Claudia how to quilt, read maps, change electric plugs and how to skate. Step By Wicked Step – Chapter 4 Colin describes his stepfather whom he calls dad. He has thought of him as his biological father all the while. His dad looks like him. His dad has dark hair with some grey patches around his ears. His dad used to roll his own cigarettes out of tobacco in a tin. His dad calls him by many nick names- Col, Collie, Sonny-boy, Buster, Mr Bluebird. Colin’s mum works in a shop. His dad walks him to school and back.His dad got him his tea and took him to the park. At the park, he used to swing as high as the bar, he swings back in such a way that his dad would call him –The Bluebird of Happiness. Then, Colin’s mum took him and moved away. It happened when Colin’s father had gone to spend a day with his sister. Two friends of his mum came with a van and packed everything. Then they went off. At first, he thought his dad will join them later. Colin was not happy- school mates would snigger when he did not understand things. Mum found a job at a canteen. She would be busy doing household chores when she came home.Mum was too busy to listen to him. He compared her with his dad- his dad used to talk to him and remembered names of his friends and teachers. Colin asked his mother many times about his dad. He wanted to know when his da d will come home. His mother did give him a hint about his father not having a proper job. He realized later that his mother did not leave any clues for his dad to follow. He then wrote a letter to his dad. But there was no reply. Every night, Colin would take the tobacco tin out of the toe of his boot and put it under his pillow. Then, he would hum his favourite song which was also his dad’s favourite.He would stay awake for hours talking to his dad. He pretended that his dad was there. Colin said that it was as if his mother thought that whatever is happening is actually happening only to her. Then one day when he returned home from school, he realized that his mum had thrown away his boots. The boots were too small for him but she did not know that there was a tobacco tin hidden in there. He did not bother to tell her because she wouldn’t have liked it. It has been five years, eight months and seven days and Colin still remembers hit dad. He secretly writes his dadà ¢â‚¬â„¢s name and his old address on the forms at school.Colin also tries to save money- he does three paper rounds. He will not try to look for his dad now- perhaps someday when he has enough money. Colin hums slowly and when asked to sing, he says that he is saving the words till he finds his dad. It was his favourite song- The Bluebird of Happiness. His friend Ralph consoled him by saying that someday Colin will find his dad. Step By Wicked Step – Chapter 5 Ralph’s Story: A Tale of Three Stepmothers Ralph has two brothers, two half-brothers, one half-sister, three stepbrothers, one stepsister,three stepmothers, one stepfather, two step-grandmothers and a step-grandfather.Living in a big family is no joke. After school on Mondays and Thursdays, he goes directly to Dad’s place. His mum or his step dad, Howard sends him. On Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Fridays, he goes straight to his Mum’s place. At times, he will be lost not knowing where to go. The lunchbo xes help. M for Mickey Mouse and Mum, D for Dumbo and Dad. If he is lost, he has to look at his lunch box to confirm his destination. Edward and George are his brothers. The boys liked Annabel, stepmother No. 1. The only problem was she never left the boys alone with their dad. Edward and George hated this.Dad and Annabel spent all their time kissing and cuddling. Annabel was always on a diet. She disapproved of coffee. So the boys had to drink Dandelion tea every morning. She loved to read out her star sign forecast in the mornings and again in the evenings. Sometimes, she even tried to look at Edward and George to tell their aura. However, the boys would deny anything she said. Yet, their dad would not feel embarrassed. One day, Brandy, Ralph’s cat was sent over as their Mum was varnishing the hall. The three boys took Brandy in a cage. Edward had made it from a broken milk bottle crate and bits of wire.Annabel was annoyed and blamed them to be cruel as Brandy did not have room to breathe. Dad distracted her by pointing out that they were out of bread. Annabel insisted in baking. The poor boys were starving to death. So, they went to the shops. They boys ate three large loaves and before they came home, they brushed away the crumbs. Dad was praising of how the dough had risen. When Annabel left it on the table, Brandy leapt up on the table and sniffed the dough. Then, Brandy lifted its paw and patted the dough. Next, Brandy curled himself comfortably into the dough. Annabel went mad. Dad tried to stick up for Brandy.The spell between Annabel and Dad was broken. In the end, Annabel ran off with someone and Dad searched high and low to get the divorce papers signed. The boys did not miss her as she was more of dad’s girlfriend than a real stepmother. Dad then focused his attention on Janet, who was more keen on rules. However, Dad liked it. Edward and George did not mind as they were able to spend ample time with Dad. On the other hand, Janet was busy rushing her children to the doctors, dentist and school. Janet’s own children, Tom, Joe and Doug and Ann moved in with the three boys. Tom and Ann could get along with Ralph but not Joe and Doug.Mum and Howard though Janet was wonderful. Janet could draw up proper schedule and Mum hardly bothered as she found Janet was easy to deal with. Due to the rules, Ralph knew he could pick up rules in no time if he was ever anywhere. Finally Janet left. She got fed up with Mum and Dad as they were taking advantage of her. Dad kept fixing up work trips on the days the boys were there. He told Janet that she had four children and another three would not make any difference. Mum started sneaking Victor’s romper suit hoping that Janet would come across them and get the stains out before sending them back. So, Janet left.The boys had a wonderful time after that. Unfortunately, it was only for a short period of time. Stepmother Number 3, Flora, came into the picture. Edward met her lying on Dad’s patio with hardly any clothes on. She had the cheek to tell Edward to cover up as she was enjoying the sun. George met Flora when they went shopping. Flora was dumping treats like strawberries, kiwi fruits, waffles, Belgian chocolates into the trolley. Dad was looking into the wallet, gloomily. Ralph went the next day. When he rang the bell, Flora opened and enquired. Ralph introduced himself. Flora blew her top as she did want to be a nanny.She took Ralph out for a Chinese Dinner and to watch a film. Then she met some friends and went to a coffee bar. At that time, Ralph informed his Dad of their whereabouts. Dad was furious and scolded Flora. Flora was cool and told him not to dump the children on her before checking her schedule. Ralph thought she was wonderful although she did all sorts of terrible things to him. Flora was pregnant and she ate only mint sauce sandwiches. Ralph was worried that his half sister or half brother would not be well taken care off by Flora. She did not know how and Ralph decided to help her out.The others usually teased Ralph. Most probably, Flora would settle in with this family. Step By Wicked Step -Chapter 6 When Pixie's parents divorced, Pixie was allowed to spend two weekends a month at her father's house which he had bought together with Lucy, her stepmother. Her two step sisters , Sophie and Hetty Payne, shared a room while Pixie was given a room to herself, as was agreed by her father. Pixie could not get along well withe her stepsisters and their actions annoyed her. One day, bothe her stepsisters got onvolved in a fight , and this caused Hetty to move into Pixie's room.Pixie was dissapointed as she was not consulted on the matter, and to make the matter worse, her father ingnored her complaints about Hetty moving into her room. Hetty's irritating behaviour also put Pixie's off. One day, while on a family holiday, Pixie had a fight with Sophie over who should occupy the top bunk bed , and both o f them ended up crying. As for Hettym Pixie just could not stand her even though Hetty was closer to her in age. Pixie was also jealous of Hetty as she was everyone's darling due to her good manners and intelligence in mathematics. Pixie then divised aplan to force Hetty out from her room.Intially, she tried to frighten Hetty with ghost story and also burden Hetty with schoolwork so that Hettty would be fed up with her and voluntarily leave her room. However, those trick was failed. Hetty than complained to Lucy. Lucy tried to talk to Pixie but failed. Instead, the two of them end up arguing. Pixie's father appeared then but quickly went out of the room again as he did not want to interfere. Lucy was dissapointed with Pixie for not putting with any effort to integrate and mix with the family. Pixie was dissapointed that there was nothing for her at Lucy's home.After expressing their frustrations and dissapointments, both Lucy and Pixie cried and the made up. Pixie was able to tolera te her stepsisters and Hetty help her with her homework. She also tried to be more sociable at Lucy's home. Step By Wicked Step – Chapter 7 Robbo's parents spilt up when he was only six years old. Robbo's father then moved out from their house and Robbo and his sister, Callie visited him at his place regularly. Robbo's stepfather, Roy moved to their home but Callie disliked him. She also nicknamed him as ‘The Beard' as Roy seemed to interfere with their family affairs.Their mother tthen give a birth to Dumpa, Robbo's half brother. One day, when Roy and their mather had a row, Callie tried to get their parents back together but failed. One day, Robbo's mother had a serious row with Roy over Callie's habit of pushing her bicycle through the narrow space between his car and the bushes beside it as it almost stratched Roy's car. They started shouting each other . Roy was angry as he felt his wife siding with Callie and that neither of them appreciated his effort in sending the kids to school or paying for food. Robbo's mother and Roy's efforts to solve the problem but they ended up arguing. he situation worsen whern Roy decided no to drive callie to school and sledging activities when snow started to fall. He even refused to buy her favourite brand of cerelas as she was not polite and civil to him. The next day, roy decide to clear the shed during the middle of a heavy snowfall with Dumoa following him. Robbo's mother tried to get Dumpa in, but he refused and only listened to Roy. Robbo then suceed in coaxing Dumpa into the house by offering him strawberry rocket ice lolly. From that day onward, their mother was always stuck in the middle as both Callie and Roy were unhappy and upset with each other.She also realised that the only solution to the problem is for her to move out her father's place. Robbo's father then suggested to his ex-wife to go on a holiday with Roy to help them solving the problem. He even offering to take care of Dumpa while there were away. The story ended with Robbo's optimistic view of his family as they can now start afresh. Ralph compared Robbo's story to Richard Harwick's story because his sister, Callie and Richared both did not like their stepfathers and had to leave their family. However, unlike Richard who ran away from his family, Callie tried something different in order to make things work at home.Ralph also mentioned that everyone in their group had tried their best to solve their problems at home. Claudia then put the journal back into its place, but took out Charlotte's little wooden cow, removed a tiny splinter, and gave the little wooden cow to Ralph who thrust it into Collin's bag , hoping that Colin would find his stepfather again. STEP BY WICKED STEP Characters and characterisation  ~ Step By Wicked Step Name of character| Descriptions/ Attributes/ Personality| Robbo| School pupil, sports-mad especially football|Ralph| School pupil, quick-witted, hardworking and occasionally likes to i ntercept impolitely during a conversation| Colin| School pupil, longs to be reunited with his stepdad, dreamy as ‘he drifts through the hours of each school day as if his thoughts were hundreds of miles away’ and this ‘ drove his teachers to despair’| Claudia| Steady, sensible, did not get along well with her stepmother at the beginning| Pixie| Fiery, a good reader, selfish| Richard ClaytonHarwick| Owner of Old Harwick Hall, lost his father at a very young age. His mother remarries the priest, Reverend Coldstone whose wrath Richard cannot stand.He runs away, without knowing that he has made a decision that will change three lives; his stepfather’s, mother’s and sister’s. When he inherits Old Harwick Hall, he has lost his three closest members of the family. | Rev. Coldstone| Richard’s wicked stepfather, strict and cold-hearted| Mr. Plumley| A staff of the school who accompanies the children to Old Harwick Hall| Miss O’ Del l| The school teacher who picks five of the children on a trip after a quick glance at her list. | Mr. Digby| Gardener at the Harwick’s household| Lucy| Maid at the Harwick’s household|Charlotte| Richard Clayton Harwick’s sister. | STEP BY WICKED STEP Moral Values  ~ Step By Wicked Step Family is everything This is the main message in all the five stories from Claudia, Ralph, Colin, Pixie and Robbo. Love is the factor that binds the family together but sometimes the family unit breaks down due to a lack of understanding between parents. Most of the time, children are not prepared for such a situation and this lands them in an awkward and painful situation. It is important to minimize the impact of divorce on children and to make sure they do not feel unwanted or unimportant.Parents must always try to keep the family together despite the breakdown in their relationship. Patience is a virtue It is important to practice a lot of patience in difficult times. No pa rents would want a divorce if they can help it. Hence, everyone affected by a divorce must be patient and tolerant. Richard Clayton Harwick does not show enough patience when he leaves his family because he cannot get along with his step father. As a result of his action, his mother dies of heartbreak and his sister blames him for being selfish and cruel. In Pixie’s story, she does not show much patience towards her step siblings.She refuses to share her bedroom with Hetty. She is also hard headed and argues intensely with her step mother. We must learn to adapt to new situations Children from broken homes have no choice but to learn to adapt to new situations. This may be unfair to the children who seem to be the ‘victim’ of circumstances beyond their control. However, in the five stories told, we learn that adapting is better than resisting although it takes a lot of patience and effort on the children’s part. Claudia shows she is a rational and sensible child to accept her step mother.Ralph, who has three step mothers, gets along with all of them despite their different personalities. Don’t give up hope Colin’s story is the saddest of all. He does not give up hope of one day finding Jack whom he accepts as his own father. He saves all his money and plans to look for his dad when the time is right. Colin is a very determined person despite his young age. He knows what he wants. Robbo also hopes his sister Callie will accept their step father Roy. However, Callie resents Roy and decides to live with her real father in the end.STEP BY WICKED STEP Setting  ~ Step By Wicked Step 1. The haunted house of Harwick. 2. Domestic households of Claudia, Colin, Ralph, Pixie and Robbo. STEP BY WICKED STEP Literary Devices  ~ Step By Wicked Step Simile i. Like someone stepping on stones over a river with water raging on both sides (p. 21) ii. When a great ship strains at the tide, and needs a cabin boy, nobody asks the lad who s peaks as roughly as a gardener’s son, and claims to be Dick Digby, whether his mother knows he’s off to sea. (p. 25) iii. †¦ dressed black as a bat (p. 16) iv.She ( Hetty ) is still wary of me, and I still get on with her that bit better when all the lights are out, and I don’t have to watch her cocking her one side and fiddling with her hair or rolling the cat like a sausage across the downie (p. 103) v. It was like the Arctic. (p 87) vi. Like leftover shoved in a fridge (p. 2) vii. †¦. as narrow as the ones that archers used†¦ (p. 8) viii. †¦over a black and white tiled floor that looked like a huge checkerboard glazed †¦ (p. 4) tight little circle, like campers round a †¦(p. 6) ix. She picked her way†¦.. like someone stepping †¦. (p. 21) x.And I’d just stare down at my plate on my face that said, plain as day, with a look ‘Why should you? ’ (p. 40) Hyperbole Hyperbole is exaggeration. It puts a pictu re into the reader’s mind. Anne Fine occasionally makes a point by overstating an action or object as in the following hyperboles: i. As the driver swung the minibus (p. 1) ii. Just as if the dull-looking binder on the desk was a delicious birthday cake (p. 10) iii. No tears! I would have found obedience†¦. How many nights my pillow would become a flood (p. 17) iv. How many cloudless afternoons I was to water with my private showers (p. 17)Personification Personification is a a figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. Anne Fine uses personification to make this novel more dramatic and interesting or to convey a certain mood. By using this literary device, it also helps us to relate more to the object or idea that is being personified because it is easier for us to relate to something with human attributes. i. Flinching as the twisted fingers of trees scraped at the glass (p. 2) ii. And then another flash shot generously across the sky (p. 7) iii.The wind still whistled through the tree, but in the room the silence is palpable (p. 34) Repetition This device is mostly used in two of the vignettes to emphasise on the subject in hand, as shown in the following: i. ‘It isn’t a story,’ said Colin. ‘There isn’t anything to tell. We just went on. ’ (p. 51) ii. ‘There isn’t a story,’ said Colin. (p. 53) iii. ‘There isn’t a story,’ said Colin. ‘We just went on. ’ (p. 56 ) iv. ‘ I’ve told you,’ said Colin. ’There isn’t story. It’s just that, as we went on, I started getting into trouble at school†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (p. 57 ) v. ‘Dumpa’s the problem’ (pgs 107,112,119 and 125 )

Beer Production

1 A Report By: Animesh Ranjan 5101045 C-2 (biotechnology) Jaypee Institute of Information Technology For: Mr. Chakresh Jain Course Coordinator (biotech plant site layout) Department of Biotechnology Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida 2 CONTENTS Kool Breweries Ltd: An Overview Alcoholic Beverages Brewing: How Beer is made Brewing: Process Overview Beer Production: Flowchart Beer Production: Ingredients Beer Production Process o o o o o o o Mashing Lautering Boiling and Hopping Hop Separation and Cooling Fermentation Filtration Packaging 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 4 5 8 9 10 11Quality Control in Beer Production 3 Kool Breweries Ltd: An Overview Kool Breweries Limited is a premium-branded beverage company dedicated to delivering quality products enjoyed by millions around the world every day. An academic visit to the Kool Brewery manufacturing plant in Haryana was organized as a part of the course ‘Biotech Plant Site Layout’ on the 19th March 2007. This visit pro vided with the opportunity to observe the different processes involved in the beer manufacturing, i. e. mashing, lautering, whirl pooling, fermentation, filtration and packaging.Also the quality control measures being adopted to maintain the quality of the beer to international standards and the basic layout of the plant were also observed. The visit was a very useful academic as well as practical exposure and we look forward to more of such visits in future to enhance both our theoretical, technical and practical knowledge. 4 Alcoholic Beverages An alcoholic beverage containing ethanol. is a drink Ethanol is a psychoactive drug, a depressant, and many societies regulate or restrict its sale and consumption.Countries place various legal restrictions on the sale of alcoholic drinks to young people. The manufacture and consumption of alcohol is notably found (to some degree) in most cultures and societies around the world, from hunter-gatherer tribes to organized nation-states. The co nsumption of alcohol is often important at social events in such societies and may be an important aspect of a community's culture. The concentration of alcohol in a drink may be specified in percent alcohol by volume (ABV), in percentage by weight (sometimes abbreviated w/w for weight for weight), or in proof.Most yeast cannot grow when the concentration of alcohol is higher than about 18% by volume, so that is a practical limit for the strength of fermented beverages such as wine, beer, and sake. Strains of yeast have been developed that can survive in solutions of up to 25% alcohol by volume, but these were bred for ethanol fuel production, not beverage production. 5 Alcoholic Beverages †¢ Mead – fermented honey and water, sugar in honey is too concentrated for yeasts to grow so it must be diluted. Probably made by early humans by accident initially.Mead is made now by boiling diluted honey and adding nitrogencontaining compounds, then yeast culture. Fermentation proc ess takes 6-8 weeks. †¢ Wine – Yeasts are present on fruit skins so fermentation can occur naturally. Wine was probably produced accidentally as long as 10,000 ybp but that is only a guess. †¢ Beers – have been made for at least 6000 years. Brewing has been a hit and miss process until about 200 years ago, until then it was difficult to control quality. High quality beer has three basic ingredients: barley malt, hops, and water. Adjuncts are used extensively in cheap beers. 6 Sake – â€Å"rice wine† – Conversion of rice starch to sugar is done by Aspergillus (bread mold). Yeast are then added for fermentation, final alcohol concentration is 19% and is fortified to 20-22%. †¢ Chicha – corn beer, Central and S. America, made from chewed corn. †¢ Distillation o Whiskeys – distilled from â€Å"beers† and aged – Scotch, Bourbon, Rye. o Cognacs and brandies – distilled from wines. o Grain alcohol is 95% = 190 proof o Gin and vodka – ethanol + water, gin is flavored. o Rum – fermented molasses or sugarcane juice 7 Brewing: How Beer is Made Brewing is the production of alcoholic beverages and alcohol fuel through fermentation.This is the method used in beer production. Brewing is fundamentally a natural process. The art and science of brewing lies in converting natural food materials into a pure, pleasing beverage. Although great strides have been made with the techniques for achieving high-quality production, beer today is still a beverage brewed from natural products in a traditional way. Although the main ingredients of beer have remained constant (water, yeast, malt and hops), it is the precise recipe and timing of the brew that gives one a different taste from another.The production of beer is one of the most closely supervised and controlled manufacturing processes in our society. Apart from brewing company expenditures on research and quality control designed to achieve the highest standards of uniformity and purity in the product, the production of beer is also subject to regular inspection and review by federal and provincial Health Departments. Substances used in the brewing process are approved by Health Canada. On average, a batch of beer will take about 30 days to produce.To be more specific, brewing takes nine and a half hours, while fermentation and aging combined take between 21 and 35 days for ales and lagers respectively. 8 Brewing: Process Overview The grain used as the raw material is usually barley, but rye, maize, rice and oatmeal are also employed. In the first stage the grain is malted, either by causing it to germinate or by artificial means. This converts the carbohydrates to dextrin and maltose, and these sugars are then extracted from the grain by soaking in a mash tun (vat or cask) and then agitating in a lauter tun.The resulting liquor, known as sweet wort, is then boiled in a copper vessel with hops, which give a bitter flavour and helps to preserve the beer. The hops are then separated from the wort and it is passed through chillers into fermenting vessels where the yeast is added-a process known as pitching-and the main process of converting sugar into alcohol is carried out. (For discussion of fermentation see the chapter Pharmaceutical industry. ) The beer is then chilled to , centrifuged and filtered to clarify it; it is then ready for dispatch by keg, bottle, aluminium can or bulk transport. Figure 65. 8 is a flow chart of the brewing process. Beer Production: Flowchart 10 Beer Production: Ingredients The water must be pure, with no trace of bacteria. This is vital, because it allows the other ingredients to release all their flavour. 95% of breweries have their own spring or natural well. Barley is a cereal that offers a key advantage: it can be preserved for a long time after harvesting. In order for barley to be used in the making of beer, it must first be malted. It is malted barl ey that gives beer its characteristic color and taste. Hops or â€Å"green gold† come from a climbing plant with male and female flowers; only the female flowers are used.There are various varieties, ranging from very bitter to aromatic. Hops grew naturally in our regions in ancient times, and this plant has been used by brewers since time immemorial. In antiquity, it could be replaced by mixtures of aromatic herbs, in particular rosemary and thyme, which had the same preserving effect as hops but of course gave the resulting beverage a quite different flavour. Yes, it is hops that give beer its characteristic bitterness, and this plant became so successful that in the 18th century all varieties of beer contained hops. 11 Yeasts transform the sugars in the must into alcohol and carbon dioxide.The type of yeast used varies according to the type of beer. There was a time when man had no control over yeasts in beer. Louis Pasteur was able to explain their role in the brewing pro cess, and yeast culture was developed thanks to the work of the Danish scientist Hansen. Nowadays there are two main varieties of yeasts that are used in brewing: saccharomyces cerevisiae and saccharomyces carlsbergensis (bottomfermenting). Certain other products are used in the making of beer, in particular spices: coriander, ginger, cloves, sage, fennel, mustard seeds, aniseed, cinnamon, etc. 12 Beer Production Process MashingMalt is added to heated, purified water and, through a carefully controlled time and temperature process, the malt enzymes break down the starch to sugar and the complex proteins of the malt to simpler nitrogen compounds. Mashing takes place in a large, round tank called a â€Å"mash mixer† or â€Å"mash tun† and requires careful temperature control. At this point, depending on the type of beer desired, the malt is supplemented by starch from other cereals such as corn, wheat or rice. Lautering The mash is transferred to a straining (or lauterin g) vessel which is usually cylindrical with a slotted false bottom two to five centimetres above the rue bottom. The liquid extract drains through the false bottom and is run off to the brew kettle. This extract, a sugar solution, is called â€Å"wort† but it is not yet beer. Water is â€Å"sparged† (or sprayed) though the grains to wash out as much of the extract as possible. The â€Å"spent grains† are removed and sold as cattle feed. 13 Boiling and Hopping The brew kettle, a huge cauldron holding from 70 to 1,000 hectolitres and made of shiny copper or stainless steel, is probably the most striking sight in a brewery. It is fitted with coils or a jacketed bottom for steam heating and is designed to boil the wort under carefully-controlled conditions.Boiling, which usually lasts about two hours, serves to concentrate the wort to a desired specific gravity, to sterilize it and to obtain the desired extract from the hops. The hop resins contribute flavour, aroma and bitterness to the brew. Once the hops have flavoured the brew, they are removed. When applicable, highly-fermentable syrup may be added to the kettle. Undesirable protein substances that have survived the journey from the mash mixer are coagulated, leaving the wort clear. Hop Separation and Cooling After the beer has taken on the flavour of the hops, the wort then proceeds to the â€Å"hot wort tank†.It is then cooled, usually in a simple-looking apparatus called a â€Å"plate cooler†. As the wort and a coolant flow past each other on opposite sides of stainless steel plates, the temperature of the wort drops from boiling to about 10 to 15. 5  °C, a drop of more than 65. 6  °C, in a few seconds. 14 Fermentation The wort is then moved to the fermenting vessels and yeast, the guarded central mystery of ancient brewer's art, is added. It is the yeast, which is a living, single-cell fungi, that breaks down the sugar in the wort to carbon dioxide and alcohol. It al so adds many beer-flavouring components.There are many kinds of yeasts, but those used in making beer belong to the genus saccharomyces. The brewer uses two species of this genus. One yeast type, which rises to the top of the liquid at the completion of the fermentation process, is used in brewing ale and stout. The other, which drops to the bottom of the brewing vessel, is used in brewing lager. During fermentation, which lasts about seven to 10 days, the yeast may multiply six-fold and in the open-tank fermenters used for brewing ale, a creamy, frothy head may be seen on top of the brew. 15 FiltrationFiltering the beer stabilizes the flavour, and gives beer its polished shine and brilliance. Not all beer is filtered. When tax determination is required by local laws, it is typically done at this stage in a calibrated tank. Filters come in many types. Many use pre-made filtration media such as sheets or candles, while others use a fine powder made of, for example, diatomaceous earth , also called kieselguhr, which is introduced into the beer and recirculated past screens to form a filtration bed. Filters range from rough filters that remove much of the yeast and any solids (e. . hops, grain particles) left in the beer, to filters tight enough to strain color and body from the beer. Normally used filtration ratings are divided into rough, fine and sterile. Rough filtration leaves some cloudiness in the beer, but it is noticeably clearer than unfiltered beer. Fine filtration gives a glass of beer that you could read a newspaper through, with no noticeable cloudiness. Finally, as its name implies, sterile filtration is fine enough that almost all microorganisms in the beer are removed during the filtration process. 16 PackagingIn the bottle shop of a brewery, returned empty bottles go through washers in which they receive a thorough cleaning. After washing, the bottles are inspected electronically and visually and pass on to the rotary filler. Some of these machin es can fill up to 1,200 bottles per minute. A â€Å"crowning† machine, integrated with the filler, places caps on the bottles. The filled bottles may then pass through a â€Å"tunnel pasteurizer† (often 23 metres from end to end and able to hold 15,000 bottles) where the temperature of the beer is raised about 60  °C. or a sufficient length of time to provide biological stability, then cooled to room temperature. Emerging from the pasteurizer, the bottles are inspected, labelled, placed in boxes, stacked on pallets and carried by lift truck to the warehousing areas to await shipment. Also in the bottle shop may be the canning lines, where beer is packaged in cans for shipment. Packaged beer may be heat-pasteurized or micro-filtered, providing a shelf-life of up to six months when properly stored. Draught beer, since it is normally sold and consumed within a few weeks, may not go through this process.The draught beer is placed in sterilized kegs ready for shipment. 17 Quality Control in Beer Production Setting up specifications is done all the time. Brewers decide on the basic properties of original gravity, color, and flavor and from this develop a formulation of raw materials and a process to extract what is wanted from them. Sensory methods: Sensory methods are not necessarily easy to apply (and often ill used) but are useful and quite cheap to do. They include an analysis of beer flavor (undoubtedly beer's most important attribute), beer clarity, color, and foam.Brewers who do not regularly and critically taste and visually examine their beers in a formal setting deny themselves much critical information. Beer color, on the other hand, can be measured in a comparator (just a light box set up for visually matching color – the human eye is much better at this than most instruments) or by quite cheap instruments, such as a tintometer. A standard beer set aside for color matching remains stable for quite a long time if kept cold and in th e dark. Observers can rate the beers on some sensory scale.Putting numerical values from instruments on flavor, haze, foam, color, and so forth is where the trouble starts, but that isn't really necessary for a simple quality-control program. 18 Cycling a beer on some regular schedule (e. g. daily) between a warm place (60 ° C) and a cold one (40 ° C) will create haze; more stable beers withstand more cycles than less stable ones. Similarly, storing a beer at 25 ° C in an archive (a fancy name for a warm cupboard) will encourage microbial growth and other sorts of beer breakdown. Instrumental Analysis: The second kind of specification and analysis is not amenable to sensory testing. gh on this list of â€Å"invisible† specifications has to be the original gravity (OG) and the degree of fermentability (hence alcohol content) of beers. These are most easily determined on wort but require an investment in some simple apparatus – a hydrometer and measuring cylinder. The wort OG and fermentability are fundamental specifications for a beer, because beer is made from the fermentable portion of the wort. These values also allow a brewer to calculate extract yield from raw materials (brewhouse yield) and predict beer yield.The degree of fermentability can be determined by a rapid fermentation test in which a high population of yeast cells, with frequent agitation, rapidly ferments out the wort. At the same time, wort flavor and clarity can be noted. A sample of wort, taken under aseptic conditions and set aside in the archive, will reveal its microbiological status in a few days and tell a good deal about the sanitary status of the brewhouse. Package beer, on the other hand, must be analyzed for CO2 content (carbonation) and bottle â€Å"air† for flavor stability. 19The microbiological status of a packaged beer, especially one destined for a distant market, is of prime concern for beer flavor and for the safety of the consuming public (potent ial for exploding bottles). The only satisfactory microbiological test is to pass at least 100 ml of beer through a 0. 45 micrometer membrane, then plate the membrane on media (such as MRS) under conditions (for instance anaerobic at about 25 ° C) capable of detecting the target organisms in low numbers. A quick squint at a beer sample under a microscope doesn't cut it. 20

Observation #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Observation #3 - Essay Example After observing them for a few minutes, I figured out that they were neighbors living in a close neighborhood. One of them had a little baby in a pram, and the other one was telling her about her children who had gone to school. She was giving the other one tip upon handling a cranky baby. So, I figured out that the main topic of discussion was child care. They had not yet started doing grocery. After that, the same night, I again went out on a venture to observe a male-female interaction. I entered an ice cream parlor. I witnessed a couple. I took the table next to theirs so that I could hear their conversation. I could sense some romanticism, and it took me no time in concluding that they were dating. They were in their mid-twenties. They were looking very happy and excited over something. When I heard closely, the man was talking about how he had got the job, and what his plans about marriage were. The woman looked

Investigation of Current Performance in Inverleith Hotel (B&B) Edinbur Assignment

Investigation of Current Performance in Inverleith Hotel (B&B) Edinburg - Assignment Example Additionally, a SWOT analysis of the hotel has been conducted with the aim of understanding strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Inverleith Hotel (B&B) located in Edinburgh, which is a B&B hotel. A comparison is also made between the hotel with other similar size B&B hotels in the same geographical area. Alternatively, it also intends to explain the methods through which the current performance of the hotel can be maintained properly and the possible solutions for the expansion of the business. In order to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Inverleith Hotel (B&B), a SWOT analysis has been conducted. In this respect, the strengths, as well as weaknesses of the hotel, can be determined. The possible opportunities related to the success and development of the hotel can also be ascertained. After identifying the weaknesses and threats, the hotel can reduce the weakness by applying new strategies to improve the performance of the hotel (Practical Entrepreneurship, n.d.). The hotel is one of the leading fast food hotels in England. The hotel focuses on the preferences of the customers, which is one of the important strength of the hotel. This strength helps the hotel to attract the more customers to increase the sale as well as increase the profit of the hotel. It also helps to improve the performance of the employees so that the objectives of the hotel can be accomplished. It has multiple numbers of customers in the market. The financial growth of the hotel has increased to a substantial extent. The geographical area of the hotel is good for marketing or doing business. The facilities provided by the hotel are based on quality standards and in accordance with the needs of the customers. The rooms of the hotel are equipped with modern equipment like telephone and broadband access and with self-catering accommodation (Practical Entrepreneurship, n.d.).

Project Pitfall Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Pitfall Analysis - Essay Example The risk management process is very important for smooth running of the concerned project. Generally a detailed survey of the market is not done which results in the facing of unidentified risk due to its wrong assessment. To overcome these barriers a few calculative measures have to be taken. The focus of risk aversion should be mainly to take up a level of project whose risk can be easily identified and acceptable; prioritize the alternatives of the risk attached to the concerned project; resourcing, selecting, planning and implementing the most appropriate course of action elected for the elimination of the risk; double check on whether the action plan thus formulated is working in accordance to the plan hatched and lastly a regular revision of the action plan keeping the present market conditions in mind (â€Å"The Risks and Risk Identification† 1). The inadequate project management capability can arise due to faulty selection of the personnel for the respective company. This can be overcome by appointing the right person at the right time for the right designation having the required qualification for the concerned post. As the incapability to perform in managing the project of the company generally arises out the lack of sound knowledge of that field. As said earlier that a project needs to have clarity before undertaking, thus the lack of it results in confusion and disagreements about the project responsibility. Confusion leads to disagreements which can be due to various reasons like goal conflicts which occur because of the end results attached to it along with clashes related to the objectives of the project and administrative conflicts which may arise due to the management structure and responsibility assigned related to tasks, functions and decisions. All these have a solution, the application of which will help overcome the crises. Firstly, developing a master plan with will be compatible for the application of the long term

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Final exam - Essay Example It enables the company to have a competitive edge and help in retaining and attracting more customers. It also makes the staff and the workforce become more committed to their work. However, in order to improve the quality of the output, the manager needs to take several steps (Lore, 1998). First, he or she needs to fully understand the customer needs, preferences, as well as, the desired quality and institute mechanisms to provide the level of quality that the customer require. Secondly, the manager should monitor and review the quality of products being produced, in order to improve their demand in the market. This increases the ability of a company to produce higher quality products that are competitive in the market. The next step is that, the manager needs to identify opportunities and threats likely to affect the company. Finally, the manager need to expand the skills of the staff, build their positive attitude towards the company, and ensure that they maximally utilize the ava ilable resources and equipment. Job satisfaction refers to the extent to which the employees gain positive attitude and feelings towards their work and working environment. Job satisfaction encompasses several aspects such as relationship with the colleagues, opportunities for promotion, salary, nature of work, and satisfaction with the supervisor. It also includes the ability to retain the most qualified workers in the company. (Patricia, 2002) The manager takes several steps to ensure job satisfaction. The first one is familiarizing him or herself with the needs of the employee. This is done by considering various ways of launching proper in- servicing for the workers. The second one is motivating the employees, by engaging them in the job that has some degree of challenges and that which offers them an opportunity for greater responsibility. The third one is creating conducive environment for employee to work without building stress, unwarranted worry, and concerns or interferenc e in their personal lives. This goes hand in hand with providing continuous moral support and encouragement to perform better. The manager also show concerns by taking timely action on a given concern. Lastly, he or she creates ways of appreciating the employees for the work done depending on the level of responsibility (Patricia, 2002). Employee’s involvement in decision making refers to creating an environment where employees have their voice, decisions, and actions recognized in the company. The manager needs to acquire skills for planning, analyzing situations, making high quality and timely decisions, and identifying challenges facing the company. He is, therefore, required to set realistic goals and measurable objectives for his company. These measures help to build a cohesive, disciplined, efficient, and effective organization (Cranny (1992). There are a number of ways used by the manager to encourage the employees participate in decision making and problem solving. Th e first one is through consultative forums which take the form of general consultation committees, joint working groups, and direct consultation. The second one is that the employees can own shares. This enables them to share profits and receive all the information that is made available to shareholders. The feeling of ownership instills a sense of responsibility and security in the employees. The third one is

Woodside Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Harvard Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Harvard Case Study - Essay Example Additionally to the continuous conflicts with her supervisors, Lisa has not been given the chance to participate equally in the development of projects in the design of which she had a crucial role (Keyton 95). Instead, she feels that she has no chance of developing her skills – a fact that seems quite logical taking into consideration the behaviour of her supervisors towards her. As the first year within the organization has passed for Lisa, the following issue needs to be addressed: since the chances for professional development of Lisa in the specific organization seem to be limited, alternative plans of action need to be developed. Lisa should consider her leaving from the organization and her return to Right-Away – at least this would be the most appropriate solution for Lisa having in mind the challenges that Lisa has to face on a daily basis in her current position. The identification of the reasons of the problem would help to suggest a series of measures that L isa could take before deciding to leave the firm. After examining the events described in the case study it is made clear that the particular problem is related with a series of facts: a) Lisa was not adequately prepared for her position in Houseworld’s Home Care Division; in accordance with the case study Lisa was not offered particular training before being hired in the specific position; rather, she just visited the firm twice and was informed on certain issues related to the prospects of employees within the particular organization. The problem regarding the lack of recognition of Lisa’s skills seems to begin at this point. Even if Lisa was told that she would have the chance to be promoted in accordance with her skills, she was hired in a position which was rather inappropriate for her – taking into consideration her professional experience and her background – it should be noted at this point that in her previous firm Lisa was offered the position o f the director of market, a position which is clearly differentiated from the assistant product manager position which Lisa currently holds; perhaps, the problem would have been avoided if Lisa had met with her boss before her hiring in the particular organization; if the dialogue between her and Mrs. Linton had held before the hiring of Lisa in Houseworld’s Home Care Division, Lisa would have thought for a second time her decision to leave her job in Right-Away; b) both her boss, Mrs. Linton, and the associate product manager, Mr Scoville, avoid recognizing the efforts of Lisa within the organization; their close relationship – as another employee informed Lisa – would result to problems for Lisa in case she would decide to discuss with Mrs. Linton the challenges she has to face daily because of the negative comments that Mr. Scoville addresses to her on a daily basis, c) Lisa had not worked in this organization in the past; she is not aware of the organization al culture and practices – referring especially to the nature of the tasks in which the employees of its job position are obligated to be involved – as noted to her by Mrs. Linton; in other words, the problems of communication that Lisa has within the organization may be related to her lack of knowledge on the organizational ethics and practices. The above assumption could be verified by the following fact: in Right Away Lisa felt very comfortable

Communism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Bio Lab Essay Example for Free

Bio Lab Essay What is the basic structural feature that distinguishes plants and animal cells from bacteria? Unlike bacteria cells, plants and animal cells contain a nucleus. 2. In what way do blood cells resemble unicellular organisms? Blood cells resemble unicellular organisms in their function. 3. Why are blood cells considered a tissue? Blood cells are considered a tissue because they contain red and white blood cells. All tissues are made up of cells. 4. Can mature erythrocytes be classified as cells? Why or why not? Mature erythrocytes cannot be classified as cells because they lack a nucleus a few organelles. 5. What is the general shape of a typical plant cell? A typical plant cell is shaped like a rectangle. 6. In what ways are the cells of onion epidermis and Elodea similar? The cells of onion epidermis and Elodea are similar because they all have a cell membrane and a cytoplasm. Also, their cells are single-layered. 7. In what ways are the cells of onion epidermis and Elodea different? Unlike the cells of onion epidermis, the cells of Elodea contain chloroplasts that are used for photosynthesis. . What characteristics can be used as evidence for classifying a specimen as a plant? The observable characteristics that can be used as evidence for classifying a specimen as a plant: rectangular shaped cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts. 9. Inside the mouth, the epithelial cells are joined together in a sheet. Why are they scattered on the microscope slide? Do not over think this question! Epithelial cells are scattered on the microscope slide because they are exposed to oxygen. 1 0. How many different cell types can be seen in the human blood slide? Three different cell types can be seen in the human blood slide: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. 11. How are the blood cells similar to the epithelial cells? Blood cells are similar to the epithelial cells because they all contain a nucleus, cytoplasm and a cell membrane. Only red blood cells do not contain a nucleus. 12. How are the blood cells different from the epithelial cells? Blood cells are different from the epithelial cells because they not all blood cells contain a nucleus. For example, red blood cells do not contain a nucleus. 3. In what ways are animal and plant cells structurally similar? The observable ways animal and plant cells are structurally similar: plasma membranes and cytoplasm. 14. In what   ways are animal and plant cells structurally different? Plant cells are structurally different then animal cells because they contain a cell wall, chloroplast, and a central vacuole. 15. Onions are classified as green plants. Where in the onion plant are the green cells located? Green cells are located at the root of onion plants.

Sensing of Human Blood Group by SPR Based Sensors

Sensing of Human Blood Group by SPR Based Sensors Contents- Introduction Basic of Surface Plasmon P and S polarized light waves Properties of Surface Plasmon Waves Transverse Electric and Transverse Magnetic Waves Dispersion Relation for Surface Plasmon Principle Total Internal Reflection N-Layer Model and Fresnel’s Relation Evanescent Waves Resonance Condition Minimum of Reflectance at Resonance Drude Model For free electron gas Angular Interrogation and Wavelength Interrogation Performance parameters for SPR based sensors Experiment Kretscheman and Otto Configuration Coating of metal layer by Vacuum Coating Machine Basic Of Surface Plasmons- The electron charges on a metal boundary can perform coherent fluctuations hence collective charge density oscillations of electrons at metal-dielectric interface are known as plasma oscillations and the quantum of these oscillations are known as surface plasmons. The surface plasmons are accompanied by a longitudinal (TM- or P-polarized) electric field which decays exponentially in metal as well as in dielectric medium. The electric field has its maximum at metal-dielectric interface. The TM- polarization and exponential decay of electric field are found by solving the Maxwell equation. The charge motion in a surface plasmon always creates electromagnetic fields outside (as well as inside) the metal. The total excitation, including both the charge motion and associated electromagnetic field, is called either surface plasmon polaritonat a planar interface. . Properties of Surface Plasmon Waves- Surface Plasmon waves are the surface localized electromagnetic waves produced by the collective resonating oscillations of free electrons on the plasma surface. The surface Plasmon is a transverse wave propagating along the plasma surface with the oscillating electric field vector normal to the surface. The two main properties of the surface Plasmon waves are firstly they are of exponentially decaying nature, when propagate along the surface of metal-dielecric interface it gets decay both in metal as well as in dielectric and secondly it gets excited only by P-polarized incident light wave. P-polarized and S-polarized light waves- When the electric field vector of incident light wave is perpendicular to the plane of incidence than light wave is called S-polarized light wave and when the electric field vector are parallel to plane of incidence than light wave is called P-polarized light wave. Transverse Electric and Transverse Magnetic Waves If the incident, transmitted and reflected waves all have a wave vector component along the z direction, that is, they have an effective velocity along z. The fields Ei,perp, Er,perp, and Et,perp are all perpendicular to the z direction. These waves are called transverse electric field (TE) waves. On the other hand, waves with Ei,//, Er,//, and Et,// only have their magnetic field components perpendicular to the z direction and these are called transverse magnetic field (TM) waves. Dispersion Relation for Surface Plasmon- Principle Total internal reflection- Internal Reflectionis a phenomenon that happens when a propagatingwave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical anglewith respect to thenormalto the surface. If the refractive indexis lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirelyreflected. The critical angleis theangle of incidenceabove which the total internal reflectance occurs. This is particularly common as anoptical phenomenon, where light waves are involved, but it occurs with many types of waves, such aselectromagnetic wavesin general orsound waves. When a wave crosses a boundary between materials with different kinds of refractive indices, the wave will be partiallyrefractedat the boundary surface, and partially reflected. However, if the angle of incidence is greater (i.e. the direction of propagation or ray is closer to being parallel to the boundary) than the critical angle – the angle of incidence at which light is refracted such that it travels along the boundary – then the wave will not cross the boundary and instead be totally reflected back internally. This can only occur when the wave in a medium with a higher refractive index (n1) hits its surface thats in contact with a medium of lower refractive index (n2). For example, it will occur with light hittingairfrom glass, but not when hitting glass from air. Fresnel’s Relation We will describe the incident, reflected and refracted waves by the exponential representation of a travelling wave, i.e., Where r is theposition vector, the wavevectors ki, kr, kt describe respectively the derictions of the incident, reflected and transmitted waves and Eio, Ero and Eto are the respective amplitudes. Any phase changes such as phir and phit in the reflected and transmitted waves with respect to the phase of the incident wave are incorporated into the complex amplitudes Ero and Eto. Our objective is to find Ero and Eto with respect to Eio. Similar equations can be stated for the magnetic field components in the incident, reflected and transmitted waves but will be perpendicular to the corresponding electric fields. The electric and magnetic fields anywhere on the wave must be perpendicular to each other as a requirement of electromagnetic wave theary. This means that with E// in the EM wave we have a magnetic field Bperp associated with it such that Bperp= (n/c)E//. Simillarly, Eperp will have a magnetic field B// associated with it such that B//=(n/c)Eperp. There are two useful fundamental rules in electromagnetism that govern the behaviour of the electric and magnetic fields at a boundary between two dielectric media which we can arbitrary label as 1 and 2. These rules are called boundary conditions. The first states that the electric field that is tangential to the boundary surface Etangential must be continuous across the boundary from medium 1 to 2 i.e., at the boundary y=0. Etangential(1)=Etangential(2) The second rule is that the tangential component of the magnetic field Btangential to boundary must be likewise continuous from medium 1 to 2 provided that the two media are non-magnetic (relative permeability  µr=1), Btangential(1)=Btangential(2) Using these boundary conditions for the fields at y=0, and the relationship between the electric and magnetic fields, we can find the reflected and transmitted waves in terms of the incident wave. The boundary conditions can only be satisfied if the reflection and incidence angles are equal, @[emailprotected], and the angles for the transmited and incident waves obey Snell’s [emailprotected][emailprotected] Applying the boundary conditions to the EM wave going from medium 1 to medium 2, the amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted waves can be readily obtained in terms of n1, n2, and incidence angle @i alone. These relationships are called Fresnel’s equations. If we define n=n2/n1, as the relative refractive index of medium 2 to that of 1, then the reflection and transmission coefficients for Eperp are Rperp And Tperp These are corresponding coefficients for the E// fields with corresponding reflection and transmission coefficients r// and t//: r// t// Further, the reflection and transmission coefficients are related by r// + nt// = 1 rperp +1 = tperp The significance of these equations is that they allow the amplitudes and phases of the reflected and transmitted waves to be determined from the coefficients rperp, r//, t//, and tperp. Evanescent waves- Evanescent waves are formed when sinusoidal waves are (internally) reflected off an interface at an angle greater than the critical angle so that total internal reflection occurs. Evanescent means tending to vanish, which is appropriate because the intensity of evanescent waves decays exponentially with distance from the interface at which they are formed. Any propagating wave is converted into an evanescent wave when hitting a classically forbidden region. In this case, at least one component of the wave vector kbecomes imaginary or complex and the wave experiences exponential damping when propagating in this region. In the case of an optical fibre the cladding has less refractive index than the core of the fibre. When light experience total internal reflection at the core-cladding interface, some of the energy of the light waves in the core of the fibre penetrate into the cladding for a very short distance. The energy flow of this evanescent wave is parallel to the surface of the core and in the same direction as the main flow of energy within the core. Resonance Condition- The propagation constant (Ksp) Of the surface Plasmon wave propagating along the metal-dielectric interface is given by- Where ÃŽ µm and ÃŽ µs are the dielectric constants of metal and the dielectric medium respectively, ω is the frequency of incident light, and c is the velocity of light and from above equation it may be noted that the propagation constant of surface Plasmon wave depends on the dielectric constants of both the metal and the dielectric medium. The surface plasmons can be excited by light with same polarization state as that of surface Plasmons. The propagation constant (Ks) of the light wave with frequency w propagating through the dielectric medium is given by- Since ÃŽ µms>0 (for dielectric), for a given frequency, the propagation constant of surface Plasmon (Ksp) is greater than that of light wave in dielectric medium (Ks). To excite surface plasmons, two propagation wave- vectors should be equal. Hence, the direct light cannot excite surface plasmons at a metal-dielectric interface. To excite surface plasmons their momentum and hence the wave vector of the exciting light in dielectric medium should be increased. This can be done if instead of a direct light, evanescent wave is used to excite the surface plasmons. To obtain the evanescent wave for the excitation of surface plasmons, a prism with high dielectric constant is used. When a light beam is incident through one of the two sides of the prism at an angle greater than the critical angle at prism-air interface the total internal reflection of light beam takes place. In the condition of total internal reflection light beam does not return exactly from the interface. Instead it returns after penetrating in the lower refractive index medium (air in this case). The field in the lower refractive index medium is called evanescent field and the wave corresponding to this is called evanescent wave. The evanescent wave propagates along the prism-air interface and decays exponentially in the rarer medium (air). The propagation constant of the evanescent wave at prism-air interface is given by- Where, ÃŽ µp, represents the dielectric constant of the material of the prism and ÃŽ ¸ is the angle of incidence of the beam. Increase in the dielectric constant of the prism increases the propagation constant of the evanescent wave and hence this can be made equal to propagation constant of the surface Plasmon wave to propagation constant of the surface Plasmon wave to satisfy the surface Plasmon resonance condition. When a p-polarized light beam is incident through the prism on the prism-metal layer interface at an angle ÃŽ ¸ equal to or greater than the critical angle, the evanescent wave is produced at the prism-metal interface. The excitation of surface plasmons occurs when the wave vector of evanescent wave exactly matches with that of the surface plasmons of similar frequency. This occurs at a particular angle of incidence ÃŽ ¸res. Thus the resonance condition for surface Plasmon resonance is- The excitation of surface plasmons at metal-dielectric interface results in the transfer of energy from incident light to surface plasmons, which reduces the intensity of the reflected light. If the intensity of the reflected light is measured as a function of angle of incidence ÃŽ ¸ for a fixed values of frequency, metal layer thickness and dielectric layer thickness then a sharp dip is observed at resonance angle, ÃŽ ¸res, due to an efficient transfer of energy to surface plasmons. Minimum of Reflectance at Resonance The excitation of surface plasmons at metal-dielectric interface results in the transfer of energy from incident photons to surface plasmons, which reduces the energy of the reflected light. If the normalized reflected intensity (R), which is basically the output signal, is measured as a function of incident angle @ by keeping other parameters and components (such as frequency, metal layer, and dielectric layer) unchanged, then a sharp dip is observed at resonance angle @sp due to an efficient transfer of energy to surface plasmons The minimum of the normalized reflected intensity (R) can be quantitatively described with the help of Fresnel’s equations for the three-layer system p/m/s. Here, p, stands for high refractive index material prism m, stands for metal film of thickness dm and s, stands for low index dielectric medium, eg: air, water etc. The light wave is incident at an angle greater than the corresponding ATR angle. At this point, one important fact is the energy conservation that requires R+A+T=1, that is, the sum of relative reflection, absorption, and transmission is unity. Since, T=0 at ATR, hence we are left with A+R=1 in the present case. The light wave having passed the glass prism (ÃŽ µp), is reflected partially at prism interface. A part of the incident light wave energy traverses the metal film(of thickness dm) as an exponential decaying evanescent wave. At the metal-dielectric (m/s) interface, it induces the surface Plasmon excitation, which radiate light back into the metal film. If the metal layer thickness (dm) is small, the back scattered field tends to increase. Since, this back scattered wave is out-of-phase with the incoming wave, the two interfere destructively and cause R to reduce. For minimum value of dm, they compensate each other and R becomes equal to zero. Thus, the absorption A becomes equal to 1, that is, whole radiation field is captured in the metal film. On the other hand, if the metal layer thickness is large enough, then the back scattered field disappears and R approaches to 1. It means that no absorption of incident light wave is taking place. Hence, one can say that the value of R depends on the combination of incident light frequency, angle of incidence, and the thickness of the metal layer. Performance parameters for SPR sensors Sensitivity and Detection accuracy are the two important parameters that are used to analyze the performance of SPR based sensors. Sensitivity- Suppose, we are sensing any medium of any particular refractive index, than we will get a minimum reflectance curve at any particular value of ÃŽ »res, but if change the medium than refractive index will change and we will get a minimum reflectance curve at any other value of ÃŽ »res, hence we can say the minimum reflectance curve is shifted from one wavelength value to another wavelength value. This shift in the minimum reflectance curve with the change in the refractive index (by changing the medium) is called sensitivity of the SPR sensor. Hence we can say, sensitivity is the rate of change of ÃŽ »res value with the change in refractive index, S= If the shift is large, the sensitivity is large Detection accuracy- How accurately and precisely our sensor can sense or detect this shift in minimum reflectance curve is called Detection Accuracy of the sensor DA= For the best performance of the sensor, both the parameters should be as high as possible to attain a perfect sensing procedure. Otto Configuration The general idea behind this configuration was the coupling of surface Plasmon wave the evanescent wave, which is set up to ATR at the base of a coupling prism when a light beam is incident at an angle greater than the critical angle (@ATR) at prism-air interface. The nature of evanescent wave is known to have the propagation constant along the interface and to decay exponentially in the dielectric medium adjacent to metal layer. Both of these characteristics of evanescent waveare similar to those of a surface Plasmon wave, therefore, there is a strong possibility of interaction between these waves. The x-component of the wave propagation constant of the evanescent wave at prism-air interface is given by Kev= If a metal surface is now brought in contact of this decaying evanescent field in such a way that an air gap remains between the prism base and metal layer, then the evanescent field at prism-air interface can excite the surface plasmons at the air-metal interface. However, this configuration is difficult to realize practically as the metal has to be brought within around 200 nm of the prism surface. This approach has been found to be very useful in studying single-crystal metal surfaces and adsorption on them. Kretschmann configuration As a significant improvement to Otto configuration, Kretschmann and Reather realized that the metal layer could be used as the spacing layer, that is, evanescent wave generated at the prism-metal layer interface can excite surface plasmons at the metal-air interface so long as the metal layer thickness is not too large. They devised a new configuration. In this configuration as well, surface plasmons are excited by an evanescent wave from a high refractive index glass prism at ATR condition. However, unlike Otto configuration, the base of the glass prism is coated with a thin metal film (typically around 50 nm thick) and is kept in direct contact with the dielectric medium of lower refractive index (such as air or some other dielectric sample).

The aim of the experiment is to find out the effect of different :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The aim of the experiment is to find out the effect of different concentrations of reactants on rate of reaction. Rates of Reaction Aim The aim of the experiment is to find out the effect of different concentrations of reactants on rate of reaction. I will find this out by doing an experiment. The reaction that will be used is: Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid Na2S2O3 + 2HCl Equipment The equipment I will use to do this experiment is:  · Goggles  · Test tubes  · Beakers  · Hydrochloric Acid  · Sodium Thiosulphate  · Water  · X marked paper Background Information The Collision Theory is when particles collide with enough energy to break their bonds if they are to react. Collision means when two particles hit each other. Breaking a solid exposes new surfaces, the smaller the pieces the greater the surface area. Safety Measures A pair of goggles will be worn in order to protect the eyes. Fair Test In order for my findings to be valid the experiment must be fair. I will use the same standard each time for judging when the X has disappeared. I will make sure that the measuring cylinders for the Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Thiosulphate will not be mixed up. The amount of Hydrochloric acid will be 10cm3 each time. Prediction I predict that by increasing the concentration of one of the reactants the rate of reaction will increase because they are likely to collide quicker. Method I first of all start of by wearing goggles as Hydrochloric Acid is an irritant to the eyes. After that I got all equipment out I needed to perform this experiment. Test Tube Beaker X marked paper I firstly put 10cm3 of hydrochloric acid into the beaker which I measured with the test tube. After I put the x marked paper under the beaker. I then poured in the volume of Sodium Thiosulphate and the concentration of it which was 50cm3. Set off the stopwatch and waited to see when the x marked paper is not visible. I repeatedly did this 3 times for each one. Finally, I recorded the results on a results table. Conclusions My results show that if you add more concentration of sodium Thiosulphate and less water to the hydrochloric acid the particles collide more because so the rate of reaction increases. When I repeated my results and experiment the times were similar meaning that I was very accurate with my experiment and judgement. Evaluation I only really encountered one problem which was do the experiment in the amount of time that was given to us and Sodium Thiosulphate ran out during the experiment but that was quickly resolved as borrowed some of my friend who is also doing the experiment.

Essay --

There were many reasons behind the fall of the Roman Empire, however, the economic reasons were the main source of its collapse. The fourth century was the period of time where the economy started to experience problems. During this time period, there were many inequalities between the rich and the poor, decreasing population, the German Barbarians holding Rome for ransom, cutting off their trade networks, inflation, and finally the de-specialization of the economy. Each of these causes were very significant in leading up to the fall of the Roman Empire. Throughout history, in many civilizations, there has always been a gap between the rich and the poor, and the gap between these groups in the Roman Empire was no exception either. The difference between the rich and the poor significantly impacted the status of the economy. For example, in the Roman Empire, the rich could get away with almost everything. They could do it by two methods, they could pay their taxes in small portions so they wouldn’t have to pay them all at once, or they could also simply avoid them by bribing the government, as opposed to the poor which had to pay them all at once. (Hayward, 1958, p. 105) If they did not follow this procedure, they would be punished one way or another. Since the rich were of high status, they could be heard by the government easily, with no possible penalties while the poor were given consequences if they did the same. The gap between the rich also grew wider and wider due to wealthy landowners driving tenant farmers out of their lands and treating those lands as their own. The rich were very important in the status of the economy as well. They could impair the authority of the central government. (Haywood, 1958, p. 104-105... ...etc. Trade was dependent on the status of the government in the Roman Empire. Since the Roman government was really powerful, it restricted some aspects of trade. Along with this, maritime trade was decreasing drastically. There were attacks on ships on the Mediterranean sea, which decreased trade between Rome and other countries. Transport affected the geographic division of labor in the Roman Empire. (Paolilli, 2008, p. 282) The Roman Empire used to be a prosperous place to live in until it started to experience many problems which led its decline. The status of the economy was affected by many reasons including economic inequality between the wealthy and the lower class, inflation, the ransom of Rome with the Germanic Barbarians and finally, the de-specialization of the economy. Rome’s foolish actions along with some outside influence led Rome to its demise.

Nutrtion Diet Program Analysis Essays -- essays research papers

Jean Nidetch initially created the Weight Watchers diet plan in 1963 when she invited friends over for a weekly meeting about weight loss. Weight Watcher is now in 30 different countries around the world. In North America 20,000, meetings are held each week. (Northwestern, 2005) This diet is a weight loss program derived through the study of science. By keeping up to date on the latest medical and scientific research, Weight Watchers is able to keep their program constantly changing, evolving, and becoming a state-of-the-art program. (Huett, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depending on your schedule, area you live, and comfort level, Weight Watchers has two options in order to be a part of their program, an online program and on site meetings. Weight Watchers on-line site offers individuals the same type of support as their on-site meetings but from the comfort and privacy of the home or office. Tools have been developed and are available on the web site for dieters to attend meetings, get support, and have access to different recipes, and offers exercise and dieting tips. Individuals pay enrollment fees, which vary by location, and a weekly meeting fee. A typical registration fee is $15-$24 dollars with weekly dues around $13.00. On average, an individual should lose 1-2 pounds per week after the first week. In order for an individual to lose 20 pounds there would be an average cost of $145 that does not include the price for food or the numerous Weight Watcher brand i...

Jules Cheret

Jules Cheret, a name synonymous to the Art Nouveau movement of the late 19th century, was born in 1836 in Paris into a humble family of typographers and artisans. Thus, creativity and aesthetic awareness were instilled in him as the household that he grew up in was one that was conducive to ingenuity and experimentation. Cheret invested the early years of his youth, receiving art training under a three-year apprenticeship with a lithographer, followed by drawing lessons in the evening under the French artist Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran.As a young student, he absorbed and learnt a lot from some of the works of famous painters in the Louvre and other museums. Thus by the age of 18, Cheret’s unique artistic flair became noticeable and he was able to earn a simple living selling designs and illustrations to customers, most of whom were music producers. Cheret travelled to London in 1854, where he was exposed to the advanced techniques of lithography which not only awed him, but al so inspired him to improve his art by getting at par with the technological advancements of the time.Upon returning to Paris in 1858, Cheret induced that pictorial lithographic posters were the future of graphic design, but he found it extremely suffocating because none of the advertisers were convinced by this. He received his first stroke of luck in the form of a commission for a poster advertising Jacques Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the Underworld. Thwarted when this failed to prompt more commissions, Cheret returned to London where he spent the next seven years evolving his lithography expertise, and consequently imbibing the British style of poster design and printing.During this time period, Cheret worked for Cramer publishers where he made illustrations, designed book covers and posters for music halls, theatres, cabarets, and circuses. Upon returning to Paris in 1866, Cheret’s friend introduced him to perfume manufacturer Eugene Rimmel, for whom he began designing perfume packaging. This collaboration, lead to Rimmel aiding the young designer in establishing his commercial color lithographic shop.Cheret was revolutionary for poster design, as he altered the age old lithography technique by formulating a process which made printing more cost effective, with high quality colors- which were a colossal contribution to the development of graphic design. Jules Cheret from that juncture went on to become a significant figure in graphic-design history, and the principal artist to make his reputation in the medium of poster art. He is attributed for enhancing the aesthetic nature of posters, y bequeathing it with flowing elegant designs and transforming it into an independent decorative art form. An ardent admirer and depicter of the female form in his posters, Jules Cheret’s subjects became so popular that the Parisians dubbed them ‘Cherrettses’. It was because of his patronage of this genre and the painters associated with it; f or the promotion of whom he published his book entitled Masters of the Poster ; that he began to be known as the ‘father of the Belle Epoque poster’.Jean-Honore Fragonard and Antoine Watteau, were renowned names from the Rococo movement. The frivolity depicted in their works influenced Cheret’s work most deeply, which is why we see this sense of fun and enjoyment of trivialities in the posters designed by him. The most prominent aspect of his poster Carnival 1986 is the contrast in colour of the man and woman. This use of such a dramatic shadow effect exudes immense mystery in the man, and inadvertently prompts the viewer to assume that it’s a possible reflection of the role he plays in this theatrical production.The colour green of the dress contributes in making the ‘Charett’ the focal point. This is also particularly so because the light green has been placed against a stark bright orange so the lighter colour is up lifted. . The orange and green come together to create great dramatic contrast and contributes to the eyes moving. Interestingly enough though, the brighter colour does not become the overriding force, instead it is the lighter colours placed on top that attract attention, such as the white of the fan and the green of the dress.The flowing dress and the angularity of her body posture all contribute towards achieving such a focal point. The tilted head and face looking directly at the viewers is immensely captivating. On a closer look one notices that there is a woman in between the two central characters, who is partially touched by the light that shines on the protagonists of the scene- her body isolated from the physical splendour of the two main characters. This could be taken to represent some trio or three way relationship which could be the dramatic aspect this story.Thus giving out a short teaser through the design of the poster to entice the interest of the onlooker too becomes one of the most pote nt aspects of poster designing for operas, plays and performances. This inadvertently leads me to ponder over how poster design requires a lot of understanding of the audience’s psyche and how exactly to manipulate it. The woman in the forefront is also the focal point because her skin is much lighter than the others, which inadvertently takes the viewers’ attention to her first.She is also in a vulnerable seated position, which symbolizes femininity and easiness, perhaps with a sexual connotation. The angle of the hand undeniably invites the viewer in to the composition most effectively. He has employed the use of decorative serif fonts in his heading to give his posters a formal and elegant feel- but details of the play have been written in sans serif to ensure clarity in reading. This understanding of and consequent justice to the choice of fonts is fascinating. Fonts most popular employed by Cheret were Antiqua and Bernhard Antiqua and Bernhard Fraktur.Jules Cheret ’s Loie Fuller poster for the Folies Bergeres is very characteristic of his style of design. The work space is dominated by a central figure of vibrant splendor engulfed by vivid gushing colors and beautiful swirling drapery. This poster is an iconic addition to his range of elated, graceful and energetic women- for which aptly dubbed ‘Cherettes' by the Parisians. Jules’ masterstroke of success can be attributed to these women that he showed in his posters- their low-cut bodices and exaggerated postures lead to his instant success.He used his ‘Cherettes’ to advertise anything from beverages and alcohol, perfumes, soaps, cosmetics to pharmaceutical products. Eventually he was promoting railway companies as well as a series of manufacturing businesses. The use of color and its understanding is brilliant, and here Cheret’s signature use of the colors orange and green are very evident. Jules Cheret possessed a magnificent palette of great chromati c intensity. The colors used by him in the overlap in his signature sophisticated and resolved manner.But using different tones of green and orange together definitely contribute to making it a very dynamic composition but with an intrinsic softness to it. The color starting from the light green on the top frill of the dress and gradually building up to the bright orange at the bottom left contributes immensely to eye movement as the colors aid it and let is travel most effortlessly. The flow in the strokes of the dress is so unrestricted still it contributes in bringing out the form and posture of the girl.The angle of the ‘Cherette’s’ posture invites the eye and allows it to tour the poster. The curve of the top dress brings the viewer in, going down to the tilt of the head, to the angularity of the head stylization of the figure is such that it gives this 2D form a very 3D feel to it as if the girl is going to emerge from the poster with her dress flowing. One very striking aspect of Jules Cheret’s is the dynamics of Cheret’s workspace- Jules has the brilliance to do justice to his given work space and to not let the colossal size of his posters become an impediment.In this poster, he played with a solitary figure and minimal text, but still did not ignore any space, leaving it to be perceived as static or idle- he does immense justice to the tools at his disposal. It is a strongly articulated poster which was envisioned to be appealing to those viewing it. Jules Cheret was in the good books of critics as he was fortunate to have them be very responsive to the work he produced. It was said that his work was ‘innovative, alive, a breath of fresh air’.He invented specific character types such as the â€Å"happy clown†, which is a large size painting that he made in 1881, but even as early as the 1860s, we see him employing the exact same clown image on the left middle of his poster ‘Concert des Ambas sedeurs’. Cheret’s mastery for color is worth noting. Over the course of analyzing these four posters, one realizes that he has the unique ability to play with color in a manner of showing the matt quality of soft hair, and the glossy hard technique which he is employing in this piece.Harold Hutchinson writes in â€Å"The Poster: An Illustrated History From 1860† that Jules Cheret realized ‘a poster did not have to show product; it merely had to produce â€Å"a reaction of amusement, curiosity, excitement or some positive feeling which will help make the right points,† to make a product sell’. Which is what he has very intelligently achieved in this poster – the presence of the girl and the clown would instigate a curiosity as to what this function may contain, but details of it are not dogmatically given out.This particular poster emanates a sense of ‘refined vulgarity’, which is a paradox on its own. Cheret’s post er distinctive characteristic is often the ‘violent curves’ of the female form. It can be analyzed in such a manner because in spite the fact that Cheret used women as the primary focus of his posters, their sensuality was presented in a more evolved and elevated manner unlike the posters designed in the arts and crafts movement. But as an analysis point, I believe that more than liberating the woman, Cheret created a fantasy of provocative beauty.This inadvertently was an unhealthy way to commence advertising. This poster is an apt example of Cheret’s sensuous ‘Cherettes’. Jules’ exploration of form, especially giving it this animated quality really distinguished him as the pioneer of poster art. This is an apt title for him, particularly because he was able to master the art of establishing unity between texts and images perfectly- the weight, font size and type all complement each other and the image so well.Cheret almost always employs the use of a single prominent figure, which dominates maximum of the workspace and like here; the girl in red dominates how the entire poster is laid out. This figure becomes the central feature that the rest of the characters and the text then need to co relate to. Alongside that, floral motifs are subtly often used by Cheret because he was someone very inspired by the beauty of nature. Thus in this poster too the girl in white in the background has a flower on her dress and the one in red in the forefront organic form/design on her dress. Elysse, montmartre bal masque’, was a poster for the masked ball held the Palace theatre- designed 1881. This poster is an apt example of the similarity between the painting style of James Ensor and those of the lithographic advertisements being designed by Jules Cheret. The two artists shared the innate qualities of working on a large scale, experimenting with bright colors and ‘caricaturel linearity’. It encompasses the eleganc e of the French and their carefree grace. In this poster, Cheret’s play with angles isn’t as lively as what he’s capable of.But still this diagonal slant binds in with the feel and message of the poster. Deliberate harmonious gestures contribute to the dance like quality which turns this mundane poster in to a masterpiece executed with superb technique and flatness of color. Cheret is a genius when it comes to color; here he is gently fading away background creating a very dynamic sense even though the foreground has a lot of character and agility. The light in this poster is intense but not yet harsh, it falls gently on the girl and her soft hair, enhancing the shape of her body and accentuating the colors around her too.Jules Cheret signature style was his free hand lettering, which had a very theatrical airy style to it. He used large fonts, and black outlined his caricature like linear figures here which make each poster such a unique work of art. Cheretâ₠¬â„¢s posters not only sold product but sold an image of ideal woman and ideal life style. With the advent of the Industrial revolution, people’s living standards were improving thus they were susceptible to being affected by the lifestyle that he depicted.