Why Did Henry Viii Closed Dow the Monasteris Essay Example for Free

Why Did Henry Viii Closed Dow the Monasteris EssayIn the 1500s the king of England was Henry VIII. He had already broken up with the Catholic Church and the Pop. He had made himself head of the Church of England. Also he had divorce with Catherine of Aragon and marred Anna Boleyn. His lifestyle was extravagant and he was also worried that he could be attacked by the Catholic countries of Europe. Under these circumstances he decided to terminal down the monasteries for the following reasons * He was greedy and needed more money for his extravagant lifestyle. * He needed lots of money to be prepared in case of a war with enemies * He needed to make sure the nobles of England supported him. * The monasteries had a lot of treasures and valuable parts and land * Monks and nuns lived a felonious life.Hennery VIII did not want to be unpopular to his people, for closing the monasteries, so he needed to justify his actions. For this reason he ordered his minister doubting Thomas Cromw ell to send inspectors to report how holy was the life of monks / nuns and how wealthy the monasteries were. The reports said that the monks and nuns were living a sinful life. Using the reports he managed to justify closing down the monasteries. He seized the wealth and the land of the monasteries for his needs (extravagant lifestyle, in case of war). To keep the nobles loyal to him, he gave them money and land. Finally this helped him to break one more link of the pope with his people. Henry the VIII by closing the monasteries managed to solve his problems and to keep as many people as he could.

Employee Motivation Essay Example for Free

Employee Motivation EssaySimple acts such as eating atomic number 18 do by hunger. Educatio n is motivated by desire for knowledge. Motivators can be anything from reward to coercion. From the scientific viewpoint, by most accounts, penury is defined as an inner state of motivating or desire. That state of desire creates a movement or activity towards satisfying that desire. In my never-ending quest to spread the word ab forth tour ideas into action, I view inspiration as the state of mind that primes us to come up with great ideas, and motivation as the state of mind that spurs us to action. Concept of MotivationIn order to understand the concept of motivation, we have to examine three terms motive, motivating and motivation and their relationship Motive ?A motive is an inner state that energizes, activates, or moves and directs behavior towards goals.? Motivating ?Motivating is a term which implies that one person includes another, to suck in action by ensuring that a c hannel to satisfy the motive becomes available and accessible to the individ ual.? 2 Motivation Dubin has defined motivation as ?Motivation is the complex violence first and keeping a person at work in an organization.Motivation is roundthing that moves the person to action, and continues him in the course of action already initiated? According to McFarland ?Motivation refers to the expressive style in which urges, drives, aspirations, strivings, or necessitate direct, control, or explain the behavior of human being. .. Based on Motives Motivation is based on individuals motives which argon internal to the individual. These motives ar in the form of feelings that the individual wants something. In order to everywherecome this feeling, he tries to behave in a manner which helps in overcoming this feeling. 2. alter by Motivating Motivation is affected by way the individual is motivated. It can likewise activate the latent pick ups in the individual, that is, the necessaril y that are the less strong and somewhat dormant, and harness them in a manner that would be functional for the organization. 3. Goaldirected Behavior Motivation leads to goal-directed behavior. A goal-directed behavior is one which satisfies the cause for which behavior takes place. 4. Related to Satisfaction ecstasy refers to the contentment experiences of an individual which he derives out of need litigatelment.Thus satisfaction is a consequence of rewards and punishments associated with past experiences. 5. Complex Process Motivation is a complex process complexity emerges because of the nature of needs and the type of behavior that is act to satisfy those needs. 6. Person Motivated in Totality A person is motivated in totality and not in part. Each individual in the organization is a self-contained unit and his needs are interrelated. These affect his behavior in diverse ways. 3 Motivation Motivation is a force that drives nation to do things.Employees are normally motivat ed to achieve their needs, whatever they may include. Motivation is inside another persons head and heart. It may be subjective or extrinsic. This is what we call motivation. Employees of a company go away be motivated if they associate certain incentives with an activity of work. Motivation is an important function which every music director performs by assigning the people to work for accomplishment of objectives of the organization . Issuance of well conceived instructions and orders does not mean that they will be followed .A coach has to make capture use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Effective motivation succeeds not only in having an order accepted solely also in gaining a determination to see that it is executed efficiently and effectively. In order to motivate workers to work for the organizational goals, the managers must Determine the motives or needs of the workers and provide an environment in which Appropriate incentives are available for their satisfaction . If the management is happy in doing so it will also be successful in increasing the willingness of the workers to work.This will improver efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. There will be better utilization of resources and workers abilities and capacities. Concept of motivation The word motivation has been derived from motive which means any idea, need or emotion that prompts a man in to action. Whatever may be the behavior of man, there is some stimulus behind it . Stimulus is dependent upon the motive of the person concerned. Motive can be known by studying his needs and desires. There is no universal theory that can explain the factors influencing motives which control mans behaviour at any particular point of ime. In general, the different motives operate at different times among different people and influence their behaviours. The process of motivation studies the motives of individuals which cause different type of behavior. 4 Need of mot ivation Managements staple fiber job is the effective utilization of human resources for achie vements of organizational objectives. The personnel management is concerned with organizing human resources in such a way to get maximal output to the enterprise and to develop the talent of people at work to the fullest satisfaction.Motivation implies that one person, in organization context a manager, includes another, say an employee, to engage in action by ensuring that a channel to satisfy those needs and aspirations becomes available to the person. In addition to this, the strong needs in a mode that is satisfying to the latent needs in employees and Harness them in a manner that would be functional for the organization. Employee motivation is one of the major issues faced by every organization. It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinates or to create the ? ill to work among the subordinates. It should also be remembered that a worker may be immensely capabl e of doing some work nothing can be achieved if he is not willing to work. A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Significance of Motivation Motivation involves getting the members of the group to pull weight effectively, to give their loyalty to the group, to carry out properly the purpose of the organization. The following results may be expected if the employees are properly motivated. 1.The workforce will be better satisfied if the management provides them with Opportunities to fulfil their physiological and psychological needs. The workers will Cooperate voluntarily with the management and will contribute their maximum towards the goals of the enterprise. 2. Workers will tend to be as efficient as possible by improving upon their skills and Knowledge so that they are able to contribute to the progress of the organization. This will also result in increased productivity. 3. The rank of labors turnover and absenteeism among t he workers will be low. 4.There will be slap-up human relations in the organization as crash among the workers themselves and between the workers and the management will decrease. 5. The number of complaints and grievances will come down. Accident will also be low. 5 6. There will be increase in the quantity and quality of products. Wastage and scrap will be less. Better quality of products will also increase the public image of the business. Motivation is the activation or energization of goal-oriented behavior Intrinsic Extrinsic From a practical standpoint, we can dig into our motives in order to get better results, and move ourselves from point A to point B.For example, if you know what motivates you, you can use those motives to get yourself to do things that you wouldnt do otherwise. These same principles can be applied to motivating others as well. Motivational techniques, therefore, are useful to teachers, leaders, parents, employers, and really, almost anyone. The key is in understanding that you are not motivating someone else. Instead, you are simply providing a circumstance that triggers that person to be motivation. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic MotivationIntrinsic motivation comes from rewards inherent to a task or activity itself the enjoyment of a commove or the love of playing. This form of motivation has been studied by social and educational psychologists since the early 1970s. Research has found that it is usually associated with high educational exploit and enjoyment by students. Intrinsic motivation has been explained by Fritz Heider attributional theory, Banduras work on self effeciency,and Ryan and Decis cognitive evaluation theory. Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they Attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control (e. . the amount of effort they put in), Believe they can be effective agents in reaching sought after goals (i. e. the results are not determined by l uck), 6 Are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote- development to achieve good grades. Extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. Money is the most obvious example, but coercion and threat of punishment are also usual extrinsic motivations. While competing, the crowd may cheer on the performer, which may motivate him or her to do well. Trophies are also extrinsic incentives.Competition is in general extrinsic because it gain grounds the performer to win and beat others, not to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to over justification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study demonstrating this effect, children who expected to be (and were) rewarded with a ribbon and a notes star for drawing pictures spent less time playing with the drawing materials in subsequent observations than children who were assigned to an unexpec ted reward condition and to children who received no extrinsic reward.Motivation starts with you As you aspire to be more successful in life, your attitude towards yourself and others will play a huge role. Positive people learn how to handle lifes challenges differently and use these opportunities to grow. So can you Self Motivation The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood as a subset of aflame intelligence a person may be highly intelligent according to a more conservative definition (as measured by galore(postnominal) intelligence test), yet unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to certain tasks.Yale School of Management Professor Victor Vrooms expectancy theory provides an account of when people will decide whether to exert self control to pursue a particular goal. Drives and desires can be described as a deficiency or need that activates behavior that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. These are thought to originate within the individual and may not requ ire external stimuli to encourage the behavior. Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which motivates a person to seek provender whereas more subtle drives might be the 7 esire for acclaim and approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others. Motivation Process 1. Identification of need 2. Tension 3. Course of action 4. import Positive/Negative 5. Feed back TYPES OF NEEDS There are many needs which an individual may have and there are non-homogeneous ways in which these may be classified. The basic objective behind classification of needs into different categories is to find out similarity and dissimilarity in various needs so that incentives are grouped to satisfy the needs falling under one category or the other.Thus needs may be grouped into three categories. 1. Primary Needs Primary needs are also known as psychological , biological , basic or unlearned needs . These needs are common to all human beings , though their intens ity may differ . Some of the needs are food , sleep , air to breathe etc. These needs arise out of the basic physiology of life and are important for survival and preservation of species These needs are conditioned by social practice . 2. Secondary Needs As contrast to the primary needs, secondary needs are not natural but are learned by the individual through his experience and interaction .Therefore, these are also called learned or derived needs. Emergence of these needs depends on learning . There may be different types of secondary needs like need of power, achievement, status, affiliation, etc. 8 3. General Needs There are a number of needs which lie in the grey area between the primary and secondary classifications. In fact, there are certain such needs for competence, curiosity, manipulation, affection etc. Motivation and Behavior Motivation causes goal-directed behavior. Feeling of a need by an individual generates a feeling that he lacks something.This lack of something cr eates tension in the mind of individual. To overcome this state he engages himself in a behaviour to satisfy his needs. This is goaldirected behaviour.

Problems caused by viruses

Problems ca dod by virusesIntroductionI will discuss about different types of viruses and what threats they hurl towards the computer and what kind of victimize they poop do. A virus is a small program written to alter the way a computer operates, without the authorization of the user.I will talk about-What a virus doesHow it croup affect your computerA Bit of History About Virus divers(prenominal) types of virusesHow does it incur problems when your using the internet and ConclusionsThreats of VirusesA virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is stockpilen to the target computer. A user can send viruses over the Internet or it can be carried on things like CD, DVD or USB drive. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a internet file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. It can damage your network knowledge domain and without the proper antivirus softw be, your computer is most likely to be affected by a virus, especially if you are going to use the internet.A virus must meet two criteriaThe virus has to be executed by itself. In order to be executed by itself, it has to have its avow coding on when to be executed.The virus has to replicate itself. It has to copy itself from the original, so it can create a problem for the user. Viruses can infect desktop computers and network servers alike.History of VirusIn the early 1980s, experiments were carried out on computer security and 1983 saw the emergence of the first virus. Fred Cohen, at that time a disciple at the University of Southern California, had the idea of introducing self-reproducing software, which could spread by infiltrating existing programmes, thus attacking the security of multi-user computing systems. Len Adleman, Cohens thesis adviser suggested that this was similar to a biological virus, which uses the resources of the cell it attacks to reproduce itself. The term computer virus was bor n.6 Types of VirusesFile Infector Viruses A virus that affects program files. This virus can damage the programs that you either use or do not use basically it damages executable files much(prenominal) as .exe and .com files.Boot Sector Viruses A virus that affects the system area of the disk such as floppy disk or CD. Boot sector viruses attach themselves to the program of that specific disk and activate when the user attempts to sorb up their PC from the give disk.Master Boot Record Viruses A virus that affects the boot sectors. It saves a legitimate copy of the master boot present in a different location without you shrewd that it has done it without your permission.Multipartite Viruses A virus that affects both programs and boot sectors. Basically for this virus if one is not clean, then the one that is clean will be infected. For example if the boot sector is clean, but the files are not, then the boot sector will be infected.Macro Viruses A virus that affects data fi les. This virus is the most common virus than any other viruses above because this virus can damage Microsoft programs such as Word, PowerPoint, Excel and etc.Virus Hoax A virus that are sent by emails. This virus can damage and delete everything on your hard drive if an email thats got a virus is either on your inbox or if you have open that email.ConclusionsVirus Hoax is one of the viruses that can cause problems when you are using the internet because the email that is affected by a virus can damage and delete important files from your computer. A lot of wad are getting these virus hoax chain letters, which can spread like fire depending on how many spate you are sending it to. When people get these chain letters, they dont check who they got it from and open it up straight away and forward the message to other people, so they computer can get infected by the virus, so it is very important to 1st find out who sent u the email and 2nd if you receive an email titled which well- nigh will have email virus hoax on it then do not open it.Another way of having a virus on your computer is if a hacker installs a virus onto your computer. This can happen if there is no anti-virus software or firewall and if there is no program to cherish your computer, then the hacker has an easy access to your computer which he can do any kind of damage to your computer. Once the hacker gets into your computer, the hacker can do anything to your computer, it can even mess your computer up by installing a virus of any kind. So in order to close out that from happening your will need either an anti-virus or a firewall onto your computer.(See Details Below)How do you get rid and prevent your computer from having a virus?To prevent from having any types of viruses, you will need to have anti-virus software. It is software that will track down and get rid of any viruses that are on your computer and in addition prevents any viruses from getting into your computer. It can also prot ect your computer from any other threats as well such as Trojans and hacking.Another way your can prevent having troubles while your using the internet is to have a firewall. Firewall is a necessary program to keep intruders away while you are connected to the internet such as hackers. Hackers can hack into your computer and create a massacre for example create a program to spy on you and take some important information such as credit card number when you do online shopping or install a virus without you knowing anything about it. So it is recommended that if you do not have an anti-virus program, then have firewall on or install firewall to prevent hackers to hack into your computer while you are on internet.Referencehttp//service1.symantec.com/support/nav.nsf/docid/1999041209131106http//www.windowsmaven.com/http//www.internet-story.com/dangers.htm

Annotated Bibliography: Fast Dissolving Tablets Research

Annotated Bibliography Fast Dissolving Tablets Research3. LITERATURE REVIEWM. Geetha et al. (2015) had wide-awake debauched change state tab of anti-asthmatic do drugs terbutaline sulphate victimization channel condensate method. Study was related to compare inbred super disintegrating agent plantago ovate husk disintegrate with synthetic superdisintegrant crospovidone. They concluded that congenital super disintegrant showed better dissolution, dissolution, fast onset of action and it is too cheap easily available, non-toxic. Accelarated stability study was also performed which also showed positive results.13Muhammad Talha Usmani et al. (2015) had on the watch viva voce disintegrating birth control pill of Montelukast sodium by two incompatible reflections use cost effective send off compression method. They lease employ cherry flavor and aspartame as sweetener. Formulations were evaluated for its performances and obtained better formulation which were subjected for further study by central composite design.14Balagani Pavan Kumar et al (2015) had alert Nizatidine licentiousness tablet. Taste book binding is done by eudragit E100 using unassailable dispersion method and tablets were watchful by spray drying and settlement evaporation technique. Tablets were prepared using crospovidone, soy polysaccharide in terzetto unlike concentrations and evaluate for disorder time, drug boot out and taste masking.15Vivek Dave et al (2015) had prepared rapidly dissolving tablets and which give quick onset of action to cut across poor patient compliance associated with conventional tablets tablets were evaluated for disintegration time, meanting time, dissolution rate and taste masking. Hence, it lead to mend bioavailability of drug and efficacy.16Pradip Solanki et al (2015) had prepared utter dissolving tablet to treat schizophrenia with clozapine as active agent. Solubility was tested in all complexes of cyclodextrin from which HP -CD showe d maximum solubility. Trial batches were carried bug knocked out(p) for Screening of diluents and superdisintegrant. 32 factorial design was used to optimize formulation. The optimize formulation is evaluated for its disintegrstion rate, drug content, drug release, wetting time.17Bhavani et al (2015) had prepared rapidly disintegrating tablet to improve patient compliance who have difficulty to swallow the tablets and hard gelatin capsules. MDTs have enhanced safety and improve patient compliance. Mouth dissolving tablet are beneficial for many patients like psychics, geriatric, paediatric, unconscious and bed-ridden patients who have difficulty for swallowing tablets and capsules.18Nagar Praveen Kumar et al. (2014) had prepared fast dissolving tablet of piroxicam using trey different superdisintegrants. They had prepared 9 batches of inborn super disintegrant that is guar gum, isapghula and fenugreek by changing 3 concentrations. For preparation of tablets they used direct comp ression method. The powder blend and final tablets were evaluated for flow property and release optimization. Accordinhg to their results F4 batch is optimized and that have shown 99.18% of drug release.19Anisree. G. S et al. (2014) had developed Levocetrizine hydrochloride mouth dissolving tablet. Drug and excipients were mixed and tablets were suppose using direct compression method. Drug-excipient study was carried out by IR spectra. They had concluded that the formulation having MCC and crospovidone have optimum drug release.20Pratibha et al. (2014) had prepared fast disintegrating tablet by using Metoclopramide hydrochloride as active agent to overcome swallowing problems. Prepared tablets by direct compression method. Compatibility were done by FTIR and DSC. Selection and Optimization of superdisintegrant was also done by evaluation of prepared tablets.21Taksande JB et al (2014) had developed fast dissolving tablet of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Drug Lornoxicam with synth etic and natural superdisintegrant using direct compression method. Banana powder and soy polysaccharide were used as natural superdisintegrant and crospovidone was used as synthetic super disintegrant. They have concluded that natural superdisintegrants showed more disintegration as compared to synthetic agents and can be used instead of Synthetic materials.22Deepak Sharma et al (2014) had prepared Cetirizine Hydrochloride fast disintegrating tablet. They have used different binders and disintegrants and their different concentrations in present study. They have optimized sodium starch glycolate as super disintegrant. extend compression is used for tablet preparation. The optimized formulation is evaluated for drug release, compatibility study, accelerate stability study and concluded that the prepared formulation have quick onset of action and join ons patient compliance.23Geetha lakshmi et al. (2014) had prepared fast dissolving tablets using different superdisintegrants and it s different concentration. Interaction is checked by FTIR spectroscopy. The tablets were prepared and evaluated. From the prepared 9 batches they have optimized F6 as best formulation which disintegrated in 12 sec and released drug in 6 min up to 99.46%.24Alpana P. Kulkarni et al (2014) had prepared orally disintegrating tablet of Rizatriptan benzoate and also masked its taste. Taste masking of drug was carried out by mass extrusion with eudragit EPO and aminoalkylmethacrylate copolymer with different ratio. The formulation was optimized based on drug polymer interaction and bitterness score. Taste maskin was checke by in vitro release of drug in salivary fluid.25Lovleen Kaur et al (2014) had prepared Aceclofenac fast dissolving tablets by direct compression method. Lepidium sativum mucilage was selected as natural superdisintegrant and Different concentrations were also used. A 32 factorial design was applied to optimize the formulation. Nine batches (D1D9) were formulated accordi ngly. Two independent variables were selected and their effect on three dependent variables were studied.26Rajeshree. et al (2012) had prepared lisinopril fast dissolving tablets using natural superdisintegrants by direct compression method. Aloe Vera and mucilage of Hibiscus rosasinensis were used as natural superdisintegrants. Compatibility was studied by FTIR spectroscopy amidst the drug and excipients. The formulation was evaluated for in vitro drug release. Formulation training Hibiscus rosasinensis was prime to be optimized formulation which contain disintegration in 0.26 sec. 2Murthy. et al (2012) had developed Lisinopril fast dissolving tablets using super disintegrants in different concentration by direct compression method. Superdisintegrants such as croscarmellose, crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate were used. All formulations contain various proportion of drug and excipients from them crospovidone showed better drug release then other formulations.3Patel. et al (20 11) had formulated nimesulide fast dissolving tablet using natural superdisintegrant lepidium sativum which is widely used as herbal medicine. Mucilage was added as disintegrating agent. They have concluded that mucilage had reduced the disintegration time. The formulation also contain mannitol to increase solubility of mucilage.4Saini. et al (2011) had developed mouth dissolving tablet of anti- allergic drug Levocetirizine dihydrocloride. Tablets were prepared by using cost effective direct compression method and crospovidone was used as superdisintegrant. Different concentration were taken and they have concluded that as concentration of crospovidone increases disintegration time also increases.5Mayank. et al (2011) had formulated Lorazepam fast dissolving tablet. Method was the same direct compression. Tablets were evaluated for disintegration time, drug release, wetting time and also compared with marketed formulation. They have concluded that the prepared tablet showed better r elease profile than marketed formulation. Formulation containing 12% of Croscarmellose sodium showed disintegration in 33sec and showed 95.99% drug release within 10min.6Rahul Nair et al (2011) had prepared polymorphs of Rizatriptan benzoate by solvent evaporation method. They have used many solvents like tween 80, PEG, Polyvinyl pyrrolidine, methanol. Four different polymorphs were prepared and evaluated by Dissolution study, differential see calorimetry, infra-red absorption spectrum, scanning electron microscopy. They observed change in melting point of form I and form II with compare to original drug. Final conclusion was that polymorphs prepared by tween 80 showed better drug release than other forms.27Rahul Nair et al (2011) had developed solid lipid nanoparticles of Rizatriptan. Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by change solvent Injection method. Characterization were carried out for shape, particle size, surface morphology and drug entrapment. They observed spherica l shape, with particle size of 141.1-185.7 nm and smooth surface. The prepared particles showed sustained release of drug.28Raghavendra Rao. et al (2010) had developed fast dissolving tablet of chlorthalidone which have low dissolution rate by different techniques to improve its dissolution rate. From that they have showed the sublimation as best technique in which they had used 40% of camphor increases dissolution rate of drug. 7Shailesh. et al (2010) had prepared promethazine thiolate fast dissolving tablet using sodium starch glycolate, ac-di-sol and crospovidone as a super disintegrating agents. Tablets were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for gage compression parameters. They have concluded that tablets containing ac-di-sol have better drug release and in vitro dispersion time. 8Raghavendra Rao. et al (2010) had developed fast dissolving tablet of Carbamazepine by using solid dispersion technique. They have used different concentration of super disintegrati ng agent that is croscarmellose sodium and studied effect of various carriers. From the study they have concluded that formulation having mannitol as a diluent showed disintegration in 12-18 seconds.9Shirsand. et al (2010) had formulated and evaluated fast dissolving tablet by using latest solvent evaporation technique. Sodium starch glycolate and Crospovidone was being used as novel co-processed super disintegrating agents. They have concluded that formulation having 4% w/w of crospovidone was the optimized batch.9Keny RV et al. (2010) had formulated Rizatriptan benzoate fast dissolving tablet for intended benefit. Direct compression was used to prepare tablets. Crospovidone was used as super disintegrant. Tablets were evaluated for all pre compression and post compression parameters. Assay was performed by high performance liquid chromatography.18Gudas GK et al. (2010) had developed chlorpromazine fast dissolving tablet. The tablets were prepared by using croscarmellose sodium, so dium starch glycolate, L-HPC, crospovidone, pre-gelatinised starch by using direct compression. Blend was evaluated for flow property and tablets were characterized for its thickness, hardness, disintegration and dissolution.12Randale SA et al. (2010) had developed taste masked rapid disintegrating tablet of metoclopramide. Taste masking was done by the extrusion-precipitation method by complexing drug with Eudragit in different ratio. All formulations of drug polymer complex was characterized for in vitro taste in simulated salivary fluid and drug content. Final conclusion was that the batch having drug polymer ratio 12 was optimized for taste as well as for drug release.11Khemariya P et al. (2010) had developed meloxicam mouth dissolving tablet using sublimation technology. The tablets were formulated by wet granulation method. The tablets were characterized for all post compression parameters e.g. friability, hardness, wetting time and disintegration time. They have concluded tha t tablets prepared from sublimation of camphor were found better than tablet prepared by exposing to vacuum.15Bhardwaj S et al. (2010) had prepared accelofenac fast disintirating tablets. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using sodium starch glycolate as super disintegrant. All post compression parameters were tested for its performance. All the batches showed disintegration time within 28 sec.16El-Massik MA et al. (2010) had developed meclizine orally disintegrating tablets by using a maltodextrin. Tablets were prepared by direct compression as well as wet granulation method. Effect of concentration of maltodextrin was characterized by tablets disintegration time and hardness. They have concluded that maltrodextrin up to certain level produces increase in disintegration but then after decreases.17Rajalakshmi G et al. (2010) had prepared pheniramine maleate orodispersible tablets. The tablets were formulated by direct compression method. sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, low hydroxylpropyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch and crospovidone were used as superdisintegrants in different ratios. The blends were characterized for pre-compression parameters. Tablets were characterized for post-compression parameters.19Zade. et al (2009) had formulated Tizanidine Hydrochloride tablet and also prepared taste masked granules of drug using eudragit E 100 to put forward the tablet with no bitter taste. For preparation of taste masked granules mass extrusion technique was used. Tablet were prepared by synthetic disintegrants. The final coclusion was that tablets prepared by using superdisintegrants were better than prepared by sublimation method. 8Mahamuni SB et al (2009) had developed fast dissolving tablet of Promethazine HCl, which can radily disintegrate in the saliva. Taste-masked granules were prepared to mask bitter taste of drug. The taste masked granules were formulated by Eudragit E-100 using extrusion method. Tablets were form ulated using taste-masked granules with other excipients like crystalline cellulose and starch.13Shirsand SB et al (2009) had prepared prochlorperazine maleate fast disintegrating tablets using direct compression method. One natural superdisintegrant Mucilage of plantago ovata and one synthetic superdisintegrant crospovidone were used with microcrystalline cellulose and mannitol to give sweet mouth feel. The prepared formulations were evaluated friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, drug content uniformity, and in vitro dispersion time. Batch containing 8% w/w of plantago ovata mucilage was optimized from the data.14Kalia A et al. (2009) had designed oxcabazepine mouth dissolving tablets. Tablets were prepared using two different methods, direct compression and solid dispersion. Direct compression was used by crospovidone as a super disintegrating agent and aspartame sweetener. Solid dispersions of drug were carried out with PVP K-30 and PEG 6000 in different concentrati on ratios to increase its solubility. They concluded that solid dispersions with drug carrier in ratio of 12 showed maximum drug release. From the comparison of two technologies solid dispersion was found better and gives satisfactory and reproducible results.20Swamy PV et al. (2009) had developed pheniramine maleate orodispersible tablets using effervescent method.tablets were prepared by using sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, pregelatinized starch and croscarmellose sodium with sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid. Prepared tablets were evaluated for all post-compression parameters. The final conclusion was that the formulation having 4% crospovidone mixed with tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate was best.21Devireddy SR et al. (2009) had designed levocetirizine dihydrochloride orally disintegrating tablets of using synthetic superdisintegrants (sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, and crospovidone) and mannitol as a diluent. Taste masking was done by poly kyron T-134, Indion-204 and Tulsion-335 ion exchange resins. The drug- resin complex was formulated using the kneading method. By varying the concentration of ion-exchange resine and superdisintegrant using wet granulation method by PVP k-30 used as binder. The tablets were evaluated for disintegration time and degree of taste masked.22Okuda Y et al. (2009) had developed new preparation method for orally disintegrating tablet that has high hardness and less disintegration time. For that they have prepared rapid disintegrating granules using mannitol or lactose, saccharide was spray coated with corn starch suspension in fluidized-bed granulator. Crospovidone or hydroxypropyl starch was included in suspension as spare superdisintegrants. The prepared granules have large surface area, micro pore and low particle size distribution. Tablets prepared using this granules increased hardness and increased disintegration time by decreasing plastic deformation.23Singh J and Singh R. (2009) had dev eloped meloxicam orodispersible tablets and optimized the formulation using a 22 factorial design for enhanced bioavailability. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation method having non-aqueous solvent. Crospovidone was used as superdisintegrant and mannitol as diluent as well as taste masking agent. Four batches were carried out to investigate optimum concentration of crospovidone and mannitol.26Giri TK et al (2009) had designed diazepam rapidly disintegrating tablets. The tablets were formulated by the wet granulation method. Bitter taste of drug was masked by solid dispersion using PEG-4000 and/or PEG-6000. Tablets were prepared using different concentration of PEGs. A 32 factorial design was applied to optimize the formulation and to decrease experimental run. They have concluded that the tablets prepared by PEG-4000 in lowest concentration was disintegrated within 33 sec and drug release was found 85% within 12 mints.24

Business Essays Literature Customer Retention

Business Essays Literature guest retentivityLiterature Customer RetentionIntroductionIn compiling this literature review, the author has intentionally cast a wide exculpate. This has non and included both major and less prestigious journals, but excessively practitioner magazines and self-help websites. Customer remembering is clearly selling topic of substantial current and practical interest.Whilst some of what has been written is of dubious esteem, and some isnt actually even about guest computer storage at all, it is felt that ideas put preliminary should be allowed to stand on their merits. Insights by practitioners mountain often provide useful illumination of academic theory, and it is provided by bringing them together that the full picture can be appreciated.The Rise of Customer RetentionThe sole purpose of a business sector peckerwood Drucker (1973) once famously cl civiliseed was to create a node. Marketing has traditionally focaliseed on market sh b e and customer acquisition rather than on saveing existing customers and on building long-lasting kindreds with them (Kotler, 2003). How ever, keeping the customer has become regarded as equally, if not to a greater extent(prenominal) all-important(prenominal), since (Badgett et al., 2004) reported that a 5 per cent add-on in customer store gene driftd an increase in customer net present place of in the midst of 25 per cent and 95 per cent crossways a wide range of business environments.Research done by Gupta et al. (2004) found that a 1 per cent increase in customer retentivity had almost five time more impact on firm value than a 1 per cent change in discount rate or cost of capital. As a terminus of these researches, the business case for marketers to focus on the management of customer guardianship became more clearly established.Because of this, at that place is a growing light now that customers, like products, have a life-cycle that companies can render to mana ge and they can be acquired, retained and grown in value over time. Freeland (2003) points out that customers climb a value staircase or value ladder from suspect, prospect and first-time customer, to majority customer and ultimately to pardner or advocate status.In response to these changes in that location has been a new emphasis on defensive trade, which focuses on holding on to existing customers and get more custom from them (higher shargon of customer), in contrast to activities which focus on winning new customers. One of the reasons for the spectacular popularity of customer belongings is the recognition that losing a customer means in fact more than a single sale It means losing the entire burgeon forth of purchases that this particular customer would recognize over a lifetime of patronage (Kotler and Keller,2006).More recently, market sh be has been gradually losing its brilliance as sellings wisdom of focusing all on customer acquisition (hoping that this effor t will compensate for high levels of defection) is now being seriously questioned and considered as very high risk since ever more players enter an increasingly crowded marketplace (Baker,2000). Todays bevels find themselves more and more in a situation in which they have to build victor customer retention management systems.There are two main reasons for doing so on the one hand, the costs of deriveing new customers in highly competitive markets are increasing considerably. On the separate hand, the salaryability of an idiosyncratic customer grows permanently with the duration of the business-relationship (Liu Lai, 2004 pg 398). Customer retention attempts to win a slightly bigger share of the customers spend than would otherwise be the case (McAlexander,2006).In spite of this, according to Weinstein (2002, p. 259), most companies spend a majority of their time, brawn and re sources chasing new business. 80% or more of marketing budgets are often earmarked for getting new business (Weinstein, 2002, p. 260). This is in line with Payne and Frows (1999) finding that only 23 per cent of marketing budgets in UK organizations is spent on customer retention.Aspinall et al. (2001), in contrast, found that 54 per cent of companies reported that customer retention was more important than customer acquisition. Support for retaining customers in the marketing literature (e.g. Ahmad and Buttle, 2002) is extensive. The benefits of retaining customers to the organisation are higher margins and faster growth, derived from the notion that the longer a customer stays with an organisation, generally the higher the profit.The significance of retaining customers is not new to marketing, as Drucker (1963) believed that marketing is as much concerned with retaining as well as acquiring customers. However, as competition has intensified and markets become saturated, an awareness of the benefits of retention has grown, particularly in the retailing of pecuniary services.B enefits of Customer RetentionDawes and Swailes (1999) explain that successful customer retention circumvents the costs of seeking new and potentially risky customers, and allows organizations to focus more accurately on the needs of their existing customers by building relationships (p36). Researchers have also pointed out that customer retention has a significant impact on profitability and positive customer satisfaction and leads to superior financial performance.This is because firms with high customer retention rates tend to have lower costs, carry more profit adequate to(p) long-term relationships, and enjoy substantial word-of-mouth advertising (p92). Reynolds (2002) suggests that once a company acquires a group of customers, it can retain that group by making them feel special through customer recognition. Reichheld (2006) in his article scholarship from Customer Defections identified that longer a customer stays with a company, the more they are worth as in the long-term c ustomers buy more, dupe less of a companys time, are less sensitive to price, and bring in new customers.If a customer is retained in a business there is certainly a steady flow of revenue to the business, moreover, there are chances to increase the existing revenue by cross merchandising or up-selling activities. In addition to this, acquiring a new customer can be a much more onerous and expensive assess than keeping an existing one.When banks focus on individual customers by establishing a relationship and encouraging satisfaction and loyalty they have more chances to increase and retain their customer base. Relation banking can be seen as a vehicle to increase single-brand loyalty, decrease price sensitivity, induce greater consumer resistance to counter bank offers or counter arguments (from advertising or bank sales-people), dampen the desire to consider alternative banks, encourage word-of-mouth support and endorsement, attract a bigger pool of customers, and/or increase th e amount of product bought.It can lead to more purchases more often, give the ability to mass customize communication, minimize drift, helps set up trust and attempts to win a slightly big share of the customers spend (Ongena, S., and Smith,2000). Relationship leads to loyalty, and loyal customers are supposed to buy more, get higher prices and bring in new customers through word-of-mouth support (Morgan et al.,2000).However, some of these profitability-arguments related to relationship banking have been challenged by Reinartz and Kumar (2002), who compared the demeanour, revenue, and profitability of more than 16,000 individual and corporate customers over a four-year period, concluding that they discovered little or no evidence to suggest that customers who buy on a steady understructure are necessarily cheaper to serve, less price sensitive, or particularly effective at bringing in new business.They also found that a considerable amount of loyal customers were only marginal ly profitable, while a large persona of short-term customers were very profitable. Woolf (1996) represents that greater success comes from a strategy establish firmly on understanding customer economics and only secondarily on customer loyalty and building relationships. However, despite their criticism, even critics themselves have suggested that customer loyalty (relationship) is a worthy contributor to the shareholder value of a company(Houston, 1999pg33), and that firms are encouraged to study their position and options in the pursuit of this coating(Oliver,1999 pg37).The lifespan Value Concept Customer retention has also given rise to the concept of Customer lifetime value (CLV or LTV) which represents the net present value of profits, coming from the individual customer from a flow of transactions over time. Novo (2006) describes Customer lifetime value (LTV) as the present value of the stream of upcoming profits expected over the customers lifetime purchases. Companies can look at their investments in terms of cost per sale, rate of customer retention and also vicissitude of prospects. LTV is also used as a convenient yardstick of performance, however, it has tended to become a bit too much of a holy grail for corporate, marketing and sales executives, to the extent that entire conferences and seminars are often devoted to helping optimize it (Romano Fjermesta, 2003 pg 233).It is important to retain customers, but not at the cost of other essential marketing activities. Putting customers into make out categories helps to clarify analysis and acts as the basis for marketing activities designed to improve customer lifetime value. While the grandeur of calculating the Customer Lifetime value in deciding the retention strategies cannot be questioned, some writers are of the view that measuring the lifetime value can sometimes be complicated as it involves a lot of analytical omen.Knox et al (2003 pg 207) argue that calculating Customer lifetime v alue is problematic because it involves forecasting what amounts of what products customers will buy in the upcoming years, and what the sales, administration and logistics costs will be. Because profits in future years are progressively less invaluable (because of inflation) and less certain, a discount rate has to be applied. The higher the discount rate, the less valuable future profits will be.Customer Retention and the rise of relationship banking (RM)The neutrals of relationship marketing is to depict and establish, maintain and enhance and, when necessary terminate relationships with customers and other stakeholders, at a profit so that the objective of all parties involved are met. This is done by a interchangeable exchange and fulfillment of promises. Kabiraj et al. (2004) in their study of relationship practices in India noteworthy that the Indian banking sector can only stay competitive by building lifelong partnerships with their customers. Relationship banking tec hniques can be employed to develop an ongoing dialog with customers, integrated across all contact points.Knox et al. (2003, p. 19) addressed that RM is a strategic approach designed to improve stakeholder value through developing appropriate relationships with profound customers and customer elements and involves an enterprise-wide marketing strategy and technology computer programme. If done correctly, it enables organizations to retain the loyalty of their customers. It is about managing and monitoring customer behavior and has the potential to change a customers relationship with the banking organization and increase revenue (Dyche, 2002, pg.4).In todays economic condition, relationship banking can help to provide a sense of personal service without an actual person (Seybold, 2007). They allow banking organizations to integrate customer interaction channels and provide consistency in their interactions with customers, generate better customer intelligence, customize their o fferings and communications to customers, manage customer interactions and relationships more effectively, and manage the customer portfolio by assessing the lifetime value of customers (Ely, 2006).Relationship Marketing/banking is not a new concept, its roots lie in the marketing basics of repeat purchase, customer retention and customer loyalty. Traditionally followed by retailers, the concept is slowly spilling over to the banking and financial services industry. Berger (2005) describes relationship banking as an attempt to advance the sales culture in bank marketing beyond order taking to a more pro-active form of direct selling which includes cunning more about the customer needs and tailoring products and services to suit individual requirements.Its goal is to establish a long term, intimate and relatively brusk relationship among banks and its customers. Eg Commercial banks and other financial institutions attempt to apply the concept of relationship banking through Person al Banker and Private Banking programs (Stauss Schoeler, 2004 pg 147). In this way, they are able to understand their customer, give personal advice and develop proximity with the customer.Customer retention has been shown to be a primary goal in firms that practice relationship marketing (Coviello et al., 2002). While the precise meaning and measurement of customer retention can vary between industries and firms (Aspinall et al., 2001) there appears to be a general consensus that focusing on customer retention can yield several economic benefits (Buttle, 2004). As customer tenure lengthens, the volumes purchased grow and customer referrals increase. Simultaneously, relationship maintenance costs come about as both customer and supplier learn more about each other.Because fewer customers churn, customer replacement costs fall. Finally, retained customers may gift higher prices than newly acquired customers, and are less likely to receive discounted offers that are often made to a cquire new customers. All of these conditions combine to increase the net present value of retained customers. Lindgreen et al. (2000, p. 295), computed that it can be up to ten times more expensive to win a customer than to retain a customer and the cost of bringing a new customer to the same level of profitability as the lost one is up to 16 times more.Although a spot of authorities have suggested that relationship marketing represents a paradigm shift (Christopher et al., 1991 Sheth and Parvatiyar, 1995) from a longer established transactional orientation to customer management, Gronroos (2000, p. 23) noted that the relational perspective on marketing is in fact older than the transaction perspective in marketing and is probably as old as the history of trade and commerce. There has been growing interest in relational aspects of customer management.Relationship banking permits businesses to leverage information from their databases to achieve customer retention and to cross-sell new products and services to existing customers which is why they are synonymous to existing customer promotion. It is believed that companies that implement relationship banking practices make better relationships with their customers, achieve loyal customers and a substantial payback, increased revenue and reduced cost (Blery Michalakopoulos, 2006). Relationship banking when successfully deployed can have a dramatic effect on bottom-line performance.There are two main aims of relationship banking. One is to increase revenue by raising purchase levels and/or increasing the range of products. A second aim is more defensive, by building a closer bond between the banking organization and current customer banks hope to maintain their customer base (retention). The whole idea of relationship banking is based on the argument that profits can be increased significantly by achieving either of these two aims.In todays economic climate building relationships can help banks to do more with less by providing a sense of personal service without an actual person. (Roberts, 2004) Relationship banking seeks to identify and talk to individual customers on a massive scale and this torrential flow of live transactional data offers the possibility to transform how banks manage their business.While it is not important to retain customers, it is important to retain the right customers in the business. Overtime, choices essential be made as to which customers to acquire, which ones to develop and which ones to retain. It is true that not all customers are worth retaining, since from a long-term perspective not everyone is equally profitable.It is important to know if a currently unprofitable customer would generate a future profit stream, if an investment were made in enhancing the customers satisfaction. These problems can be addressed by profiling customers and making investments in those who offer the desirable growth and profit potential. (Subhash C. Jain 2005, p278)Relatio nal Exchange and Customer LoyaltyRM forms the bridge between the banking organisation and the customer, by means of reinforcing linkages, responding to customer needs and serving micro-segments (Berry, 2002 Hennig-Thurau, 2000). Freeland (2003) who has observed and contributed to this clay of literature, comments Marketing practice has increasingly turned towards alliances, partnerships and other forms of relationship marketing, whose success requires effective co-operation.Interpretations of RM vary (Brodie et al., 1997), but common themes are that relationships are based on power being distributed equally between partners (Liu Lai, 2004) and that both the buyer and the seller are active in a rich, multi-dimensional exchange. Further elements that mediate successful relationships are trust and commitment (Garbarino and Johnson, 2006) in which trust is conceptualised as a belief that the partner in the exchange will fulfil the perceived obligations of a relationship.Where the focu s is on individual customers, loyalty and retention initiatives can be seen as vehicles to increase single-brand loyalty, decrease price sensitivity, induce greater consumer resistance to counter offers or counter arguments (from advertising or sales-people), dampen the desire to consider alternative brands, encourage word-of-mouth support and endorsement, attract a larger pool of customers, and/or increase the amount of product bought( Bolton et al., 2000)Two aims of customer retention programs stand out, one is to increase sales revenues by raising purchase/usage levels, and/or increasing the range of products bought from the supplier. A second aim is more defensive, by building a closer bond between the brand and current customers it is hoped to maintain the current customer base.Loyalty and retention initiatives can lead to more purchases more often, give the ability to mass customize marketing communication, minimize waste and help promote trust. It attempts to win a slightly l arger share of the customers spend than would otherwise be the case if the additional value of the scheme were not offered (McAlexander,2002).Research will analyze in greater detail the ways in which retention initiatives can transform the banks business and help make strategic business decisions, which is the purpose of the research (to evaluate retention as a key marketing strategy). One of the reasons for the great popularity of customer retention is the recognition that losing a customer means in fact more than a single sale It means losing the entire stream of purchases that this particular customer would make over a lifetime of patronage also known as the customer lifetime value(Kotler and Armstrong,2001).Role of Employees indoors the Retention Process some other area of research would be the employee involvement in the customer retention process. In the Journal of Marketing Management, Buttle (2004) stresses on the importance of the front line employees. He argues that empl oyees have the power to take actions which provide immediate customer satisfaction and thereby reinforce customer retention. This necessitates actively managing interactions between customer and staff and instigating improvements to the external quality of service by increasing the levels of internal service which staffs receive from within the organization from support departments and technology.(p153) Robert Heller (2005 og 117) insists that the most vital statistic for retaining a customer in any business is its employees. He quotes that a satisfied worker creates a satisfied customer and higher financial returns and that, by the same token, disgruntled staff lead to customer dissatisfaction. A research by staff at Sears, the US retailing giant in 2006, established a convincing and clear correlation between employee attitudes, customer attitudes and financial results.The research showed that for every 5 units of improvement in employee attitudes, there were 1.3 units of gain on t he customer impression index. Moreover, the latter added up to a 0.5% increase in sales over what they would otherwise have been.This outlines the obvious linkage between employee attitudes and customer retention. Therefore, if a business wants to retain its customers, along with devising strategies for customer satisfaction, it has to bear in mind that, employee satisfaction is equally important.The reseserch will analyze the office staff played by employees in Citibank in promoting customer retention. Researchers have argued that both customer facing and back office staff have a percentage to play in customer retention. The study will examine the ways in which the staff in Citibank performs their role and the effect it has on customer retention.Customer ClubsSome banks make the use of customer clubs as a strategic instrument for creating customer retention. Customer clubs are communities of current customers that are initiated and organized by companies (Diller, 1997 Butscher, 1 997 Butscher and Muller, 1999). The current customers are approached for a potential membership to enable a steady direct communication and to intensify the relationship during the entire time of business relation (Tomzcak and Dittrich, 1999).As an institutionalized form of added-value services, they aim at offering club members a wide range of benefits and increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. The goal of customer club is to improve the general operational profitability by customer retention. A customer club is regarded as a suitable platform to increase the interaction frequency between the bank and the customer (customer interaction effect) by creating contact and feedback opportunities.By doing so, a close contact is built close to the client throughout the entire customer life cycle (Coviello et al., 2002 pg 8). A central objective of customer clubs is the augmentation of organizational companionship about the customer (customer knowledge effect).With each customer con tact starting from account opening the organization receives detailed information about the personal situation, interests and demand structures of the account holders. These insights are stack away in a global member data base and linked with further customer data, which form the basis for individualized marketing measures (Ganesh et al., 2006 pg 65).However, some argue that it has to be considered that the set up and development of a customer club requires considerable investments. Whereas the cost effects of these investments are obvious and can be mensural rather easily, there is no certainty with respect to the existence and degree of the expected loyalty effects.Also, the customers willingness for a membership depends on the fact whether a apparent advantage is offered to them as customers are only willing to supply data and put down actively in the club membership, if their individual cost-benefit-calculation leads to a positive result (Gupta et al., 2005 pg 7). Therefore the customer club must offer a bundle of exclusive services, which are attractive for the target group from either a financial, substantial or communicative perspective.Retention measures and processBanking organizations in the vanguard are making several proactive changes in their service capabilities. They are developing nosology to understand what their customers need and value. They are examining what they need to do to retain customers and then train their people accordingly and are reinforcing service-oriented behaviours. Banks are exploring how to anticipate and respond successfully to differences in customer requirements between geographies.They are leveraging the intimate product knowledge of technical people and other staff and teaching them about the vital role they play in customer retention. Some financial service organizations are also teaming up sales, service and technical experts much farther upstream in a customer relationship in ways that are cost-effective and value added (Johnston, 2005 pg 211). It is also worth pointing out that the service component of forward thinking banking organizations is no longer relegated to one department containing the lowest-paid people.Major Banks use technology to accomplish menial tasks quickly, allowing everyone in the organization the time to enhance their skills as salespeople, research and development contacts and potential consultants on complex jobs (Morrman et al., 2002 pg 314). Research done by Nyer (2007) showed that everyone who interacts with customers must become an active agent for customer retention.A number of organizational processes can be associated with customer retention, including customer satisfaction measurement process, customer retention planning process, quality assurance process, win-back processes and the complaints-handling process. The notion that companies should engage in planning if they want to achieve desired business outcomes is deeply embedded in modernist management literature.Retention metricsDespite the scarcity of research into customer retention planning, investigators and commentators have begun to report on a number of related questions, such(prenominal) as how to define and measure customer retention, how to segment customers for customer retention efforts, and what strategies to employ to recover at-risk or lost customers. Aspinall et al. (2001) investigated the issue of definition and measurement of customer retention. They found that customer retention was particularly an issue in larger banking organizations but absence of measurable indicators makes it harder to gauge the impact of strategy implementation on customer retention.Buttle (2004) found that banks can employ one or more of several types of retention-related KPIs raw, sales-adjusted, or profit-adjusted customer retention metrics. Banks that adopt raw customer retention metrics focus on the retention of a given percentage or number of customers, regardless of value. Banks t hat use sales or profit-adjusted retention metrics will focus their efforts on customers that generate higher levels of sales or profit. Coyles and Gorkeys (2002) research also notes the significance of focusing on the retention of profitable customers, rather than all customers.They suggest that it may be more important for banks to focus on managing the overall downward migration of customer spending than customer retention in its own right. They note that many more customers change their behaviour than defect, so the former typically account for larger changes in value (Coyles and Gorkey, 2002, p. 80). They report the case of one bank that lost 3 per cent of its total balances when 5 per cent of checking account customers defected in a year, but lost 24 per cent of its total balances when 35 per cent of customers reduced the amounts deposited in their checking accounts.Another question that researchers have attempted to answer concerns the focus of companies customer retention ef forts (Koch, 1998 Ganesh et al., 2000). Should retention of every customer be the goal, or should retention efforts be rivet on subsets or even individuals? A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2002) observes that poor management of customer churn is a major value destroyer and that the key to prevention is to predict and avert attrition of the right customers.The right customers are those that contribute most significantly to the achievement of the companys objectives. The implication of there being right and wrong customers to retain is that companies are advised to segment their customer base for retention efforts in much the same way that they would segment the market for acquisition efforts (Weinstein, 2002). Evans (2002) suggests that the right customers are those with the highest residual lifetime value.Although there has been little investigation of customer retention planning processes, there has been considerable attendance paid to assessing the role and effectiveness of retention strategies and tactics directed towards valued, at-risk or lost customers.For example, a number of researchers have examined the contribution of relationship marketing instruments such as loyalty programs and customer clubs to customer retention outcomes (OBrien and Jones, 1995 Dowling and Uncles, 1997 Stauss et al., 2001 Verhoef, 2003). Others have examined the development of customer attachment to organizations (Moorman et al., 1992 Oliver, 1999 Hofmeyr and Rice, 2000).The research will look into the retention KPIs of Citibank and assess whether the KPIs accurately measure retention.Type of banking relationshipsBanking relationships can be economic and social. Economic content deals with the economic benefits and costs of participating in the relationship. Customers are only willing to participate actively in a relationship if their individual cost-benefit calculation leads to a positive result (Stauss Seidel, 2005).Social content suggests that although economics may in dicate a prosperous relationship, no relationship can be successful in the long-term without a social environment that nurtures communication, honesty, fair play and an awareness of mutual interests and therefore relationships should accommodate opportunities for interactions so that friendships may be developed.Building a customer retention strategySetting up a strategy more or less customer retention requires careful planning and should include detailed plans and methods for customer identification and registration, segmentation and reward design. In order to be a source of sustainable competitive advantage, the banking organization developing the strategy must always take into account what its loyal customers value, since loyalty and retention is inextricably linked to the public of value (Morgan et al, 2000).The strategy should make sure that it directly supports the value proposition. A value proposition is the full positioning of a brand , the full combine of benefits upon which it is positioned and the answer to the customers question Why should I buy your brand?(Kotler Armstrong,2001). Moreover, in order to be viable, a retention strategy must build and sustain noticeable differences in its offerings that are difficult to copy, since a lack of differentiation removes any potential of competitive advantage which is anything but on the loose(p) in banking., where first movers are quickly imitated (Morgan,2001).It must be considered that the retention strategy do not exist in a vacuum, but should be a coherent element of the banks overall strategy and capabilities. The strategy should take into account the nature of the business, its market position, goals, and the competitive landscape.There is cool off some confusion regarding the nature, scope, role and influence of customer retention initiatives. From a functional perspective, many marketers believe

Erstwhile :: essays research papers

Confessions of an Erstwhile Child is an assay which analyses the concept of the nuclear family. At front the author explains the ideas of Thomas Mores Utopia, but afterwards narrows his content by going into explaining his thoughts on children raised in dysfunctional families. He genuinely cleverly shows the reader part family models with current ones, allowing his audience to make the decision for themselves. His tone is a logical philosophical. The reader is told of his depressing puerility growing up in a dysfunctional family, and how it had a profound effect upon his life. The author uses his own personal experience and knowledge to express his opinions on his yield, but really doesnt use much inference to other cases or factual evidence to back up his argument. All and all, the author wrote an essay which would prove to be thought provoking and well organized.In this first paragraph, the author battles with a commonly held belief that children are the property of their pare nts for a received amount of time in their lives. The author constructs upon the topic slowly by disclosing his problem with the idea of children as property, only to bring his own life experiences into counting by explaining his adolescence with a dysfunctional family. By bringing in his personal experiences, the author is in some sense considered an authority figure on the topic of a childs life with a dysfunctional family. He compares the concept of parental custody with apprenticeship, and he puts it all together by creating a practical solution to the problem. His true thesis sentence is seen in the last paragraph where he says, We have invested far too heavily in the unproved equity called the nuclear family that stock is about to crash and we ought to being finding escape options (p 196). By gradually giving the reader background info on the problems of the modern dysfunctional family, and then stating the thesis at the end, he very clearly gets his argument across. The aut hor clearly shows how his childhood effected his adulthood, making in a living example of what he is writing about allowing the audience to more easily trust what he is writing about. Instead of using factually evidence from other dysfunctional family incidences, the author decides to make it more personal, by using his own life and comparing family ideas of the past to the present.

A Reader Response to The Lie Essays -- Lie Essays

A Reader Response to The Lie     Pleasing people and the pressure that comes with it.  This is a major part in ones everyday life. Eli Remenzel, however, has been caught in the middle of just one of the many lies he will ever tell. It just happens to be that this lie was one that would authorise a lot of people disappointed. In the short story The Lie, the parents, and Elis actions make me angry.  However, I can definitely relate to what Eli is going by dint of.      To start with, I got extremely annoyed with the mother throughout the story. Actually, it wasnt just the mother, it was both of the parents in general.  Sylvia is way to bubbly and fake. And Dr. Remenzel is extremely self-centered.Eli, sit up Whats the matter with you?. Dr. Remenzel is too ghost with the family image to pay attention to the obvious hints his son is providing. The thought of Mrs. Remenzel considering  to ask for special accomidations for Eli angers me. She acts like the typical rich family is percieved. I thought maybe through some flu...