Sources Of Municipal Solid Waste In Delhi Environmental Sciences Essay

quotations Of Municipal Solid Waste In Delhi Environmental Sciences EssayIndia is the second most populated country a second fastest ontogenesis economy in the world. From the period of 2001-2026 the world of India is to increase from 1030 billion to 1400 million, if we consider the increase rate to be 1.2 % annually then on that point get out be an increase of 36% in 2026. consequently about 285 million live in urban theatre of operationss and about 742 million live in rural aras. ( count of India, 2001).In India urbanisation is becoming more because throng ar moving from villages to cities and there is a rapid increase in population in the metropolitan cities .Mumbai is the grownst populated city followed by New Delhi and Kolkata.Generally, the heavy(p)er the economic prosperity and the uplifteder(prenominal) the percentage of urban population, the greater is the amount of consentient pine formulated (Hoornweg and Laura, 1999). In Hoornweg and Laura, 1999 1996 abo ut 114,576 tonnes/day of municipal hard uncivilised was generated by the urban population of India, by the end of 2026 it is predicted to increase to 440,460tonnes/day This great increase in the amount of MSW generated is due to changing lifestyle and living standards urban population(Hoornweg and Laura, 1999).STUDY realmDelhi is a very densely populated atomic number 18a and is the capital of India. Since Delhi is an urbanised city the annual gain rate is increasing very rapidly in the last decade the growth rate has increase by 3.85%. Delhi is the capital of India this tells us that it is the centre for commerce trade and power, since it is one of the largest cities and the capital it produces excellent chore opportunities, which account for its rapid increase in its population and increased pace of urbanization. Due to the fast urbanisation and the growing population the production of municipal solid spoil is also increasing very rapidly. fit in to a survey Delhi generate s about 7000 tonnes/day of municipal solid hook and this municipal waste is to pester about 17000-25000 tonnes/day by the year 2026.due to the rapid increase in the population and municipal solid waste the disposal of the waste has become a great head ache for the municipality in Delhi. show up of the waste gathered only 70-80% of municipal solid waste is takeed while the remaining is dumped onto streets or open ditches. Out of the 70-805 hoard only 9% of the collected municipal solid waste is tempered by composting the remaining is sent to the land fill sites. New Delhi Municipal passel (NDMC), The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB) ar three municipal entities responsible for MSW wariness in Delhi. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008).IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES, TYPES AND idea OF MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE IN DELHISources and types of solid waste in DelhiResidential-the residence might be single family or multiple family dwellers the types of wast e they produce are paper, food wastes , cardboard , leather, yard wastes, textiles, glass, revealicular(a) wastes, metals, elastics , ashes, wood and phratryhold hazardous wastes.Industrial industries produce ashes, food wastes, packaging, special wastes, housekeeping wastes, construction and destruction satisfyings and hazardous wastes.Commercial Institutional they produce wood, metals, cardboard, glass, special wastes, Paper, food wastes, hazardous wastes.Municipal services landscape and tree trimmings, Street sweepings, general wastes from beaches, parks, and other recreational areas, sludge. (Hoornweg, Daniel with Laura Thomas. 1999)Composition of wasteThe population of Delhi is 13.9 million they produce 7000 tonnes/day of municipal solid waste at the rate of 0.500 kg/capital/day and accordingly the population as well as the MSW in increasing by 2026 the municipal solid waste generated will increase to 17,000-25,000 tonnes/day. Because of the increase in the MSW the mu nicipal body will face a brood of problem after composting and incineration they would still have to deal with a lot of waste and this waste would loosely go to landfill sites.The characterisation of the waste by its type, composition and source is important this will make supervise and management of solid waste easy. Based on this we slew use antithetical types of processes to dispose the solid waste. The following information will tell about the generation of MSW from various sources is Delhi in the year 2004.Source wise generation of the MSW (tonnes/day) in DelhiSourcesMSW(Tonnes/day)Residential waste3010Industrial waste502Hospital waste107 outstrip(prenominal) shopping centres1017Construction waste382Vegetable and fruit markets538Source MCD, 2004)The Tata Energy Research Institute conducted a ingest in 2002 in Delhi to determine the physical and chemical composition of municipal solid waste. This study in 2002 tells us that the composition of MSW is not changed that much from the past decade. According to the study the major part of the MSW consists of biodegradables fallowed by other wastes.Physical composition (as wt. %) of MSW Chemical composition (as wt. %) of MSWParameters2002Biodegradable38.6Inert34.7Glass and crockery1.0Paper5.6 none-biodegradable13.9 waxy6.0Parameters2002Moisture43.8Phosphorus as P2O50.3Organic carbon20.5nitrogen0.9C/N ratio24.1Calorific value (kCal/kg)713.0Source TERI, 2002)The composition of MSW of an urban population depends on various factors deal place location, climate, commercialised activities, population, cultural activities, economic status if the residence and urban structure .Before we do anything we conduct to know the composition of the MSW so we can determine the best suited operations and equipment for the facilities that dispose of the MSW. at that place was a survey conducted by Municipal Corporation of Delhi to evaluate the composition and properties of MSW. This study charterd the different places i n Delhi where MSW was produces. The following table tells the details of the studyComposition (as wt. %) of MSW generating from various sources in DelhiParametersFood wasteRecyclablesInertOthersMoistureAsh contentC/N ratioLower CV (kcal/kg)higher(prenominal) CV(kcal/kg)Residential waste1.low income group58.415.722.83.15421.839754-22262238-48442. Middle income group76.621.20.51.7656.330732-19393415-63073.High income group71.923.10.34.75910.9311300-18874503-53594. JJ Clusters (Slums)69.414.115.80.76315.646204-15481582-4912Vegetable markets97.22.30.5763.3160-13093083-4442Institutional areas59.733.842.5506.735129-37782642-5459Streets28.41256.13.51956.7511007-20411188-3289Commercial areas15.66816.4188.81581815-45933373-6185Landfills73.79.210.86.34715.338191-44952042-5315Source - (MCD, 2004)RELEVANT REGULATIONS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAThe major policies and legislative frameworks for the municipal solid waste management in Delhi areMunicipal Solid Waste (Management an d Handling) Rules, 2000 according to this indemnity there is a set process for the arrangement, sorting, storage, transportation and disposal of the MSW.The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and Amendment Rules, 2003- bio-medical waste should be treated according to the standards of schedule v.The Delhi bendable bag (Manufacture, Sales and Usage) And Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act, 2000 according to this plastic bags should be recycled and non-degradable plastic bags should not be dumped in public drains.Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Amendment Rules, 2000 and 2003-there are limitations for the import and export of hazardous wastes and there should be proper handling and management of hazardous waste. (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000)MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGENENT IN DELHIPrimary assembling and storage of MSW in DelhiAccording to the Delhi municipal corporation act 1957 the owners, tenants or the someone wh o is occupying the residence, commercial or industrial area is responsible for the disposal of the MSW at a particular area provided by the municipal corporation. But this rule was changed in 2000 which stated that the collection of MSW would be from house to house because of this rule the municipality cooperation faced a lot of problem due to the rise in population as well as residential houses so doth the systems are being applied to collect MSW. The municipal cooperation of Delhi is get awareness programs to attend to the citizens understand the need of segregating the municipal solid waste by placing two shed light on bins one for recycling materials and the other non-recycling materials. By doing this the municipality is reducing the work load and they can dispose of the material in an easy way without any fuss. The municipal authority has a schedule for the collection of the waste example a particular area will have a particular day for the collection of MSW.The Delhi munic ipal authority provides a primary winding storage facilities like dustbins, metal containers that have different capacities ranging from 1m3 ,4m3,10m3 to 12-15 tonnes these containers are placed in locations that are easily accusable to people. The size of the containers that are place at a primary storage location depends on the amount of MSW being produced by the area and the population of the area. These metal containers and bins are emptied with the help of modern hydraulic collection trucks. In Delhi on an average there are 3-4 collection sites. The MCD has employed about 50,000 people for primary storage collection, 2600 for secondary storage collection and about 370 people foe sweeping the streets. (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000)TransportationThe MCD has many vehicles for the collection of primary and secondary storage waste. The MSD in its fleet contains refuse removal trucks, tractors and loaders they have about 100 vehicles to do the job. What these vehicles d o is they collect the waste and take them to the landfill sites.Recycling and re-useRecycling and re-use of MSW is done in a widespread manner where waste pickers are employed as well as there are self employed waste pickers who collect the waste and sell them. How the system works is that these waste pickers and waste collectors gather waste from the residential areas, commercial areas, streets and landfill sites and they sell them to the dealers these dealers range from picayune, medium and large dealers. After the dealers purchase the materials they are sent to the recycling prove that is established by the government. The following table tells us at what rate the materials are sold (Ankit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004)Prices of reusable materials at different recycling levelsRecyclable materialRecyclable material Price at smallrecyclable dealer (Rs.)Price at mediumrecyclable dealer (Rs.)Price at largerecyclable dealer (Rs.)Value added in theProcess (%)PlasticPET bottles1.752 .25-2.503.75-4121Milk packets5.5-6.56-78-8.5037.5Hard plastic like shampoo bottles, caps7-7.25910-10.541Plastic thread, fibres, ropes, chair cane6-78-8.501067Plastic cups and glasses7-810-1213-1480PaperWhite paper3-3.253.75-45-676Mix shredded paper2-2.252.25-2.503-3.2547Cartons and brown packing Papers2.252.50333Fresh newspaper3-3.503.25-3.754.50-4.7542Tetra pack1.75-22-2.252.75-353GlassBroken glass0.500.90-190Bottles22.25-2.5019AluminiumBeer and cold drink cans40-4543-4875-8588Deodorant, scent cans42-4555-6090-95113Aluminium foil20-2225-2730-3248Other metalsSteel utensils20-2225-273043Copper fit out70-7580-8595-10035Source Ankit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004)CompostingComing to composting only 9% of the total MSW is composted the remaining 91% is sent to landfill sites. there are three places set up by the Delhi municipal authority for composting MSW where as two plants are set up at Okhala and the other one is set up at Bhalswa .These plant has a treatment cogency of 150 tonn es/day further they are not utilised to the fullest because of the cost. The treatment capacity of the plant at Bhalswa is 500 tonnes/day. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008)IncinerationThe municipal cooperation of Delhi also tried incarnation they built an incineration plant with the help of a foreign company. But this was shut down immediately because the MSW did not have enough calorific value the minimum calorific value is between 1200-1400 kcal/kg. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008).Final disposal of MSWOf the total amount of MSW collected 91% is sent to landfill. These landfill sites are located at the outskirts of the city. The land fill sites are the nearest available low line area or waste lands. The transfer of the MSW to these sites is by the vehicles that the Delhi municipality has. These landfill sites are chosen base only on availability and not on any other reason. These landfill sites are poorly hold which arises a problem of health and safety as well as environm ental concerns. There is other big issue because of the poor maintenance of the landfill sites there is a lot of leachate that is being produced mostly in the rainy season due to which the ground water as well as the river next to the landfill sites is acquire contaminated. At these landfill sites with the help of bulldozers the MSW is levelled and compressed. The MSW is compressed to a layer of 2-5m and a covering is provided. At the binging there were 20 landfill sites that were created by the Delhi municipality out of which 15 are exhausted already. At present there are 3 landfill sites that are being operated one is at Gazipur it was started in 1984 , the other landfill site is located at Bhalswa it was started in 1993 ,the last operating land fill site is located in Okhala it was started in 1994. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008).HEALTH AND rubber AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKSHealth and safety and environmental risks are a major concern in the MSW management in Delhi. The role p layers as well as the waste pickers are not provided with proper health and safety equipment like boots and gloves. The working conditions are unhygienic .the chance of transfer of infection is high and because of this if a worker gets sick he loses his wages. The workers are also not provided with medical insurance. The environmental risk is also high because the landfill sites are not maintained properly and the leachate gets leaked into the underground water as well as the river Yamuna .these issues should be looked into very carefully.IMPROVEMENTEWe can improve these poor conditions by privatisation. We can let the private sectors help in the disposal of MSW. The Delhi municipal authorities can open the incineration plant and dispose the waste. They can also involve the local communities as well as the NGOs to help in the disposal of waste. The municipal authorities should divulge a proper treatment technology. The authorities should increase standards of reuse and recycling of waste mainly composting. endWith the rapid increase in population and fast urbanisation of Delhi the current policies and regulations want be comfortable for controlling the rapid increase in the MSW. Due to this the health and safety as well as the environmental risks are increasing .The municipal authorities of Delhi cannot keep up with the MSW that is being produced now but according to a prediction the MSW by 2026 is going to increase 4 folds if this happens the municipal authorities will be facing a lot of problem. Even the Delhi government has realised this and they are making changes in the form of moderate plans. The government is also approaching the public and private sectors for help like the citizens and the NGOs. starting of all people should be educated on proper disposal of MSW. The government should see to that the master plans are being properly followed at all levels. Only by doing this the Delhi municipal authorities can keep the MSW in control.ReferencingAnki t agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004. Municipal solid waste recycling and associated markets in Delhi, India. Resources, Conservation and RecyclingCensus of India,.2001 . Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (GoI). Online.available http//www.censusindia.netHoornweg, Daniel with Laura Thomas. 1999. Working Paper Series Nr. 1. Urban Development Sector Unit. East Asia and Pacific Region. Page 5. Online http//web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/sectors/solid-waste-sources.html.Hoornweg, D., Laura, T., 1999. What a waste solid management in Asia. Working Paper Series No. 1. Urban Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, the World Bank, Washington, DCMCD, 2004. Feasibility study and master plan report for optimal solid waste treatment and disposal for the entire state of Delhi found on public and private partnership solution, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi, India.Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000.the gazette of India. Online. Available http//env for.nic.in/legis/hsm/mswmhr.htmlTERI, 2002.Performance Measurements of fly Cities, Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi, India.Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008. State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India, Waste Management Volume 28, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1276-1287