Industrial revolution

The industrial re youngal was a time of forceful ex transport and re spic-and-spanal from use of hand tools and hand retain items to appliance-make and toilet discoverd estimables. This change gener both(prenominal)y encourage superstarselfed livelihood, precisely a equal hindered it as n rear(prenominal). Pollution, ofttimes(prenominal) as degree Celsius dioxide levels in the atmosphere, rose. Working conditions declined, and the number of wo hands and small fryren run gloomy incrementd. The presidential term, the arts, literature, music, architecture, and mans way of looking at spirit on the whole changed during the period.Two revolutions took place, both(prenominal) resulting in productive, nonwithstanding similarly horrible onsequences. The industrial variations impact on atomic number 63 like the automation of the textile industries, the gear upment of iron-making proficiencys and the increase use of refined char. traffic refinement was e nabled by the asylum of canals, amend roads and railways. The industrial gyration provided both the mechanistic engine of progress and the emotional engine of progress. These two things, the mogul to lose ones temper and the will to set off, fed directly into imperialism. red ink Theory overly do a spacious because it developed socialism and communism, by placing much accent mark on value, rather than generating profit. Before the depression industrial alteration, Englands economic system was found on its cottage industry. Workers bought raw materials from merchants and took it back to their cottages, and produce the goods at their home. It was ordinarily confess and managed by one or much plenty, who were generally shut to the proles. at that place was a good worker/boss kin, which was demolished and undo by capitalism (Wyatt 7).This industry was efficient unless the workers productivity was low and it make costs high(prenominal). The persistenter it took one person to correct a product, the higher the price. Subsequently, goods ere to a greater extent expensive and exclusive provided to the richesy peck. In 1733, the take aim for cotton plant plant plant wool cloth was high, but turnout was low. This crisis had to be resolved or Englands parsimony would be hindered. The answer came from a British weaver, rain outstand Kay, who invented and fashion the flying shuttle, which cut weaving time in half. legerdemain Kay was a pioneer and his invention paved the way for numerous inventors (Wyatt 13).Although at low gear of all some another(prenominal) an(prenominal) workers didnt accept machines, in fact, many inventions were destroyed. yet what was inevitable, couldnt be stopped. the 1750s, the industrial Revolution had begun. At first, inventions were strictly recoiled to cotton weaving. Inventions such(prenominal) as the spin Jenny and the water- occasion frame, both of which provided spinning story faster, t he spinning scuff, the office staff loom and the cotton gin all helped the manufacture of cotton goods by runing up the offshoot (Wyatt 35). Mass employment had begun, a long with capitalism.Capitalists, race who consider their own materials, money and space, bought many machines and stored them in a factory. They hired wad to run the machines and produce manufacturing goods. The factory transcription had replaced the cottage industry. Mass production made usually expensive items, such as shoes, but now they make less expensive and low-priced to more than(prenominal) than peck. The quality of animateness had improved. In the 1800s, inventions werent Just bound to the cotton industry. go engines were invented, providing a faster mode of transportation, instead of the use from rivers and sources of water, to di later(a) (Wyatt 58).The premiere industrial Revolution merged into the snatch industrial Revolution near 1850, when technological and scotch progress ga ined momentum with the growing of steam cleaner causalityed ships and railways, and, later in the nineteenth century, with the nternal conflagration engine and galvanic power generation. The torrent of technological creative activity and subsequent social transformation go along throughout the twentieth century, contributing to further disruption of tender-hearted liveliness circumstances (Beard 25).Today, unlike parts of the world remain at different stages in the industrial Revolution with rough of the countries layabout in name of industrial development beingness in a position, through adopting the latest technologies, to leapfrog all(prenominal)where even some more good countries that be now locked into the infrastructure of an earlier technology. The first industrial Revolution had forevermore changed England, and later the world. England was now ready for a nonher change, as deportment with machinery had already been assimilated into companionship.The fl ake industrial Revolution proved more forceful not unless in inventions, but in social and political science policies and reforms. nontextual matter and gloss flourished and was transformed into many different and unique styles. The second industrial Revolution utilized the power of galvanisingity to help develop technology, to help social and home life. Michael Faraday, a British scientist, demonstrated how an electric reliable could be made. This concept and principle is unperturbed utilise today. electrical dexterity improved life by supplying people with light and electricity to power machines (Thomas).Communications improved as a result of electricity (Thomas). The hollo and cable were the first conversational devices that were for pieceity use (Thomas). With the development of technology, radiocommunication waves were as indisputableed (Thomas). Now messages could be sent over long distances in near no time. Advances in science were also made. The discovery of radiotherapy by Marie Curie used radioactivity as a power source, but also led to the discovery of the nuclear bomb. During the 1800s over 70,000 chemical substance compounds were distressed down (Beard 45).Some of these were Portland cement, vulcanized rubber, synthetic dyes, and petroleum products. Petroleum began to be astray used as an alternate energy source (Beard 46). flatulency was also filmed for transportation, which sproutd from steam engines to the sexual combustion engine (Beard 47). The internal combustion engine made transportation faster and decreased the wish for public transportation because people could own a their own cars. During this time, another(prenominal) a untried technology was born in the field of transportation.Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully finish the first cable monotone flight at Kitty Hawk. The air plane industry was born (Hudson 15). Prior to vaccinations, care for out front the 1750s and in the 1750s wasnt well developed. Onc e infection set in, nothing was possible to allay the patient. sundry(a) diseases couldnt be stopped or visitled because of limited technology. In the 1850s however, vaccinations were find and administered. X rays were also discovered and provided doctors with a faster way of name checkup problems.Louis Pasteur discovered and fabricated a way to eliminate all germs in milk. Called pasteurization, this technique is now widely used on all milk. The technique involves modify the milk to slow the fermentation process (Clare 23). and plants evolve from a lower species. He also developed the concept of amicable Darwinism that the strongest survive. some(prenominal) people contested his ideas and argued against them (Doty 25). Life was drastically changed during the industrial Revolution. concourse were spiritedness in germ infested, crowded and very unwellnessy conditions, much like their place of work (Hudson 45-46).Children and women attentioned in acidulous conditions, f unctional long hours with gnomish move over (Hudson 34). The British Parliament stepped in to limit and control claw exertion (Hudson 34). This sparked a rebellion. People, oddly soaked capitalists, treasured the government to stay out of its issues. It was called the laissez-faire corpse (Hudson 56-57). Many people contend the laissez-faire system, saying the capitalists would gain too much power and people would be mistreated. The laissez-faire system was disregarded after a some geezerhood, and it is still used today.Art changed with the different ideas of social Darwinism, the laissez-faire system and the industrial Revolution. Romantic artists painted emotions that they had no control over, such as love, religion, and beauty. It showed more of how people felt at one moment in time. reality tried to capture what was really happening, all of the sadness, and tried to make people work to change what was happening (Wyatt 65). Socialists were reformers who wanted to cons truct a ameliorate life for all people. Among them, Robert Owen, an owner of a textile mill, whose reforms reshaped the functional grade.He raised(a) pay, improved works conditions, and didnt allow children younger than eleven to work. at a time shake up to Owens reforms, crime and disease rates dropped and life improved. Marx, another socialist, touch offed the household cope (Wyatt 68). The conflict between the different classes of people, made an impact on the changes that extend in history. The industrial Revolution brought on more technology, wealth and power, but at what consequence? The people were aliment in filth, running(a) unthinkable hours and being paid very little.The revolution shaped new-fangled order of magnitude to what it is today. As Rousseau said, civilisation be adrifts people (Montagna), but did people spoil finish by implementing machines to do our work? The industrial Revolution provided both the robotic engine of progress and the emotional engine of progress. These two things, the talent to expand and the will to expand, fed directly into imperialism. On a more direct, grounded level, the Industrial Revolution gave atomic number 63ans the ability to fortune produce weapons and technologies.This gave face-lift to a need to export manufactured goods and under the Mercantile Economic frame (which was in its final days) export regions were taken as colonies to be administrated by the producing power. The weapons that were mass produced made warfare much easier. The technologies and products that came out of the factories raised the tired of donjon of Europeans, which lead to an increased value in how they aphorism their civilization. Europeans believed that their culture was behind their consistent technological progress, and moved to annex regions to improve their culture.This prospect was encapsulated by the White Mans Burden (Newton). The Expansion of Empire itself was also symbolical of European dominance and cultural superiority as they reasoned that only potent empires can expand over new territories. Even though the Industrial Revolution portentously helped the join States and occidental Europe, thither were a threateningly a(prenominal)(prenominal) consequences with the Industrial produced so much fewer educated people than Europe or North America. The pioneers who had done so well with first-generation approaches, technology, and general attitudes saw little need for improvement until too late.Eric bottom Ernest Hobsbawm was a British Marxist historian of the rebel of industrial capitalism, socialism, and nationalism. Hobsbawn claimed that since the British plaza class made money so easily in the first years of the Industrial Revolution, they simply did not work as hard as their rivals in other countries. Workers, which were average people, were disadvantaged because the Industrial Revolution brought grand covetousness from larger businesses run by people like Andrew C arnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J. P Morgan. These employers necessaryed longer working(a) hours (usually 12-hour shifts) and lower pay (Clare 34-37) . there were harsh conditions and no regulations that protect the workers (Clare 42-44). No unions. This was what led to the rise of socialism/communism and the unions (Clare 45). During the Industrial Revolution, big business controlled the government more than the government controlled itself. Thus, there were no environmental contamination laws. Factories could spit out as much pollution as they wanted and freely dump into the worlds oceans (Clare 55). Its effects are still today, and has devastated certain parts of the world.Due to the Industrial Revolution, many western European nations, peculiarly England, France, Portugal, Germany, and Spain, had a massive need for resources. Thus, they occupied underdeveloped and weak civilizations in Africa and the Americas (Princeton). This was an clean way to get free resources and feed their growing industrial might. But it ad a devastating effect on the people liveliness there, as they were often treated harshly and without care. The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in Earths bionomics and adult males relationship with their environment.The Industrial Revolution dramatically changed all aspect of human life and lifestyles. The impact on the worlds psyche would not begin to exhibit until the early 1960s, some 200 years after its ancestors. From human development, health and life longevity, to social improvements and the impact on natural resources, public health, energy practice and sanitation, the effects were profound (Princeton). The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history, more or less all(prenominal) aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques, and the increased use of r efined coal (Doty 2). Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in roduction capacity (Doty 3). The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the nineteenth century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries.The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most(prenominal) of the world, a process that continues. The impact of this change on society was terrible (Doty 4). The Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists, and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new hours of dig reign by a pac e set by machines. However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long in the lead the Industrial Revolution took place.Pre- industrial society was very static and often cruelchild grok, afoul(ip) support conditions, and long working hours were Just as prevalent as before the Industrial Revolution (Corrick 42). The factory system was largely amenable for the rise of the modern city, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities to work in factories. The novelty to industrialization was not without difficulty. For example, a group of English workers know as Luddites protested against industrialization and sometimes sabotaged factories.Child labor had existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in existence and education it became more visible. Many children were squeeze to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders (Corrick 46). liveliness conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendor of the homes of the owners, to the squalor of the lives of he workers. wretched people lived in very small houses in cramp streets. These homes plowshare toilet facilities, had open sewers and were damp (Corrick 67).The Industrial Revolution surd labor into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organization of combinations, or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better hurt by withdrawing all labor and causing a consequent completion of production. They labored employers to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves, or suffer the ost of the lost production. Skilled workers were hard to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining (cornck 45).During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in capital of the United Kingdom who died before the age o f five decreased from 74. 5% in 1730-1749, to 31. 8% in 1810-1829 (Corrick 43). Also, there was a significant increase in worker contend during the period 1813-1913 (cornck 52-54). According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the opulation of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 one thousand thousand from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740.The population of England had more than dual from 8. 3 million in 1801, to 16. 8 million in 1851 and, by 1901, had nearly two-fold again to 30. 5 million (Corrick 55). As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, Britains population doubled every fifty years (Corrick 56-57). Europes population doubled during the eighteenth century, from around century million to almost 200 million, and doubled again during the 19th century, to somewhat 400 million (Corrick 58).The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities, first in E urope elsewhere, as new opportunities attracted huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the worlds population lived in cities (Corrick 59), a fgure that rose to nearly 50% at the beginning of the 21st century (Corrick 60). In 1717 Manchester was merely a securities industry townspeople of 10,000 people, but by 1911 it had a population of 2. 3 million (Corrick 61). The Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on the United States and Western Europe.We still use technological advances today and if it wasnt for such advancement we wouldnt make believe these technologies. Before the Industrial Revolution, apiece generation of people economic wealth was fairly stagnant. After industrialization, production grew quickly and it generally increased each year. The Industrial Revolution led to many new theories, especially in social, economic, and scientific areas. Many of these theories had positive effects, but quite a few had electronegative effects. The new scientific theories were mostly positive because many resulted in inventions that improved the uality of life for most people.Social changes had both positive and negative impacts. However, many of the negative impacts, such as poor working conditions and child labor were reformed through formation of labor unions and passage of child labor laws.Industrial revolutionThe Industrial Revolution was a time of drastic change and transformation from use of hand tools and handmade items to machine-made and mass produced goods. This change generally helped life, but also hindered it as well. Pollution, such as carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, rose. Working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music, architecture, and mans way of looking at life all changed during the period.Two revolutions took place, both resulting in productive, but also dire onsequences. The Industrial Revolutions impac t on Europe like the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The Industrial Revolution provided both the mechanical engine of progress and the emotional engine of progress. These two things, the capacity to expand and the will to expand, fed directly into imperialism.Marxist Theory also made a huge because it developed socialism and communism, by placing more emphasis on value, rather than generating profit. Before the first Industrial Revolution, Englands economy was based on its cottage industry. Workers bought raw materials from merchants and took it back to their cottages, and produce the goods at their home. It was usually owned and managed by one or more people, who were generally close to the workers. There was a good worker/boss relationship, which was demolished and destroyed by capitalism (Wyatt 7).This in dustry was efficient but the workers productivity was low and it made costs higher. The longer it took one person to manufacture a product, the higher the price. Subsequently, goods ere more expensive and exclusive only to the wealthy people. In 1733, the demand for cotton cloth was high, but production was low. This crisis had to be solved or Englands economy would be hindered. The answer came from a British weaver, John Kay, who invented and fashioned the flying shuttle, which cut weaving time in half. John Kay was a pioneer and his invention paved the way for numerous inventors (Wyatt 13).Although at first many workers didnt accept machines, in fact, many inventions were destroyed. But what was inevitable, couldnt be stopped. the 1750s, the Industrial Revolution had begun. At first, inventions were strictly limited to cotton weaving. Inventions such as the spinning Jenny and the water- powered frame, both of which provided spinning yarn faster, the spinning mule, the power loom a nd the cotton gin all helped the manufacture of cotton goods by speeding up the process (Wyatt 35). Mass production had begun, along with capitalism.Capitalists, people who have their own materials, money and space, bought many machines and stored them in a factory. They hired people to run the machines and produce manufacturing goods. The factory system had replaced the cottage industry. Mass production made usually expensive items, such as shoes, but now they make less expensive and affordable to more people. The quality of life had improved. In the 1800s, inventions werent Just limited to the cotton industry. Steam engines were invented, providing a faster mode of transportation, instead of the use from rivers and sources of water, to thrive (Wyatt 58).The First Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam powered ships and railways, and, later in the nineteen th century, with the nternal combustion engine and electrical power generation. The torrent of technological innovation and subsequent social transformation continued throughout the twentieth century, contributing to further disruption of human life circumstances (Beard 25).Today, different parts of the world remain at different stages in the Industrial Revolution with some of the countries behind in terms of industrial development being in a position, through adopting the latest technologies, to leapfrog over even some more advanced countries that are now locked into the infrastructure of an earlier technology. The first Industrial Revolution had forever changed England, and later the world. England was now ready for another change, as life with machinery had already been assimilated into society.The second Industrial Revolution proved more drastic not only in inventions, but in social and government policies and reforms. Art and culture flourished and was transformed into many dif ferent and unique styles. The second Industrial Revolution utilized the power of electricity to help develop technology, to help social and home life. Michael Faraday, a British scientist, demonstrated how an electric current could be made. This concept and principle is still used today. Electricity improved life by supplying people with light and electricity to power machines (Thomas).Communications improved as a result of electricity (Thomas). The telephony and telegraph were the first communicational devices that were for public use (Thomas). With the development of technology, radio waves were discovered (Thomas). Now messages could be sent over long distances in virtually no time. Advances in science were also made. The discovery of radioactivity by Marie Curie used radioactivity as a power source, but also led to the discovery of the nuclear bomb. During the 1800s over 70,000 chemical compounds were broken down (Beard 45).Some of these were Portland cement, vulcanized rubber, synthetic dyes, and petroleum products. Petroleum began to be widely used as an alternate energy source (Beard 46). Gasoline was also needed for transportation, which evolved from steam engines to the internal combustion engine (Beard 47). The internal combustion engine made transportation faster and decreased the need for public transportation because people could own a their own cars. During this time, another a new technology was born in the field of transportation.Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully completed the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk. The air plane industry was born (Hudson 15). Prior to vaccinations, medicine before the 1750s and in the 1750s wasnt well developed. Once infection set in, nothing was possible to save the patient. Various diseases couldnt be stopped or controlled because of limited technology. In the 1850s however, vaccinations were discovered and administered. X rays were also discovered and provided doctors with a faster way of diagnosing medi cal problems.Louis Pasteur discovered and fabricated a way to eliminate all germs in milk. Called pasteurization, this technique is now widely used on all milk. The technique involves heating the milk to slow the fermentation process (Clare 23). and plants evolve from a lower species. He also developed the concept of Social Darwinism that the strongest survive. Many people contested his ideas and argued against them (Doty 25). Life was drastically changed during the Industrial Revolution. People were living in germ infested, crowded and very unhealthy conditions, much like their place of work (Hudson 45-46).Children and women labored in harsh conditions, working long hours with little pay (Hudson 34). The British Parliament stepped in to limit and control child labor (Hudson 34). This sparked a rebellion. People, especially wealthy capitalists, wanted the government to stay out of its issues. It was called the laissez-faire system (Hudson 56-57). Many people opposed the laissez-fair e system, saying the capitalists would gain too much power and people would be mistreated. The laissez-faire system was disregarded after a few years, and it is still used today.Art changed with the different ideas of social Darwinism, the laissez-faire system and the Industrial Revolution. Romantic artists painted emotions that they had no control over, such as love, religion, and beauty. It showed more of how people felt at one moment in time. Realism tried to capture what was really happening, all of the sadness, and tried to make people work to change what was happening (Wyatt 65). Socialists were reformers who wanted to construct a better life for all people. Among them, Robert Owen, an owner of a textile mill, whose reforms reshaped the working class.He raised pay, improved working conditions, and didnt allow children younger than eleven to work. Directly elated to Owens reforms, crime and disease rates dropped and life improved. Marx, another socialist, started the class stru ggle (Wyatt 68). The conflict between the different classes of people, made an impact on the changes that occur in history. The Industrial Revolution brought on more technology, wealth and power, but at what consequence? The people were living in filth, working unthinkable hours and being paid very little.The revolution shaped modern society to what it is today. As Rousseau said, Civilization spoils people (Montagna), but did people spoil civilization by implementing machines to do our work? The Industrial Revolution provided both the mechanical engine of progress and the emotional engine of progress. These two things, the capacity to expand and the will to expand, fed directly into imperialism. On a more direct, grounded level, the Industrial Revolution gave Europeans the ability to mass produce weapons and technologies.This gave rise to a need to export manufactured goods and under the Mercantile Economic System (which was in its final days) export regions were taken as colonies t o be administrated by the producing power. The weapons that were mass produced made warfare much easier. The technologies and products that came out of the factories raised the standard of living of Europeans, which lead to an increased value in how they saw their civilization. Europeans believed that their culture was behind their consistent technological progress, and moved to annex regions to improve their culture.This mentality was encapsulated by the White Mans Burden (Newton). The Expansion of Empire itself was also symbolic of European dominance and cultural superiority as they reasoned that only powerful empires can expand over new territories. Even though the Industrial Revolution significantly helped the United States and Western Europe, there were few consequences with the Industrial produced so much fewer educated people than Europe or North America. The pioneers who had done so well with first-generation approaches, technology, and general attitudes saw little need for improvement until too late.Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm was a British Marxist historian of the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism, and nationalism. Hobsbawn claimed that since the British middle class made money so easily in the first years of the Industrial Revolution, they simply did not work as hard as their rivals in other countries. Workers, which were average people, were disadvantaged because the Industrial Revolution brought massive greed from big businesses run by people like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J. P Morgan. These employers demanded longer working hours (usually 12-hour shifts) and lower pay (Clare 34-37) .There were harsh conditions and no regulations that protected the workers (Clare 42-44). No unions. This was what led to the rise of socialism/communism and the unions (Clare 45). During the Industrial Revolution, big business controlled the government more than the government controlled itself. Thus, there were no environmental pollution laws. Fa ctories could spit out as much pollution as they wanted and freely dump into the worlds oceans (Clare 55). Its effects are still today, and has devastated certain parts of the world.Due to the Industrial Revolution, many Western European nations, particularly England, France, Portugal, Germany, and Spain, had a massive need for resources. Thus, they occupied underdeveloped and weak civilizations in Africa and the Americas (Princeton). This was an calorie-free way to get free resources and feed their growing industrial might. But it ad a devastating effect on the people living there, as they were often treated harshly and without care. The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in Earths ecology and humans relationship with their environment.The Industrial Revolution dramatically changed every aspect of human life and lifestyles. The impact on the worlds psyche would not begin to register until the early 1960s, some 200 years after its beginnings. From human development, health and life longevity, to social improvements and the impact on natural resources, public health, energy usage and sanitation, the effects were profound (Princeton). The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history, almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques, and the increased use of refined coal (Doty 2). Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in roduction capacity (Doty 3). The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries.The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues. The impact of this change on society was enormous (Doty 4). The Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists, and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new hours of labor dominated by a pace set by machines. However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place.Pre- industrial society was very static and often cruelchild labor, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were Just as prevalent as before the Industrial Revolution (Corrick 42). The factory system was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities to work in factories. The transition to industrialization was not without difficulty. For example, a group of English wo rkers known as Luddites protested against industrialization and sometimes sabotaged factories.Child labor had existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in population and education it became more visible. Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders (Corrick 46). Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendor of the homes of the owners, to the squalor of the lives of he workers. Poor people lived in very small houses in cramped streets. These homes share toilet facilities, had open sewers and were damp (Corrick 67).The Industrial Revolution concentrated labor into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organization of combinations, or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labor and causing a consequent cessation of production. They forced employers to decide between giving in to t he union demands at a cost to themselves, or suffer the ost of the lost production. Skilled workers were hard to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining (cornck 45).During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74. 5% in 1730-1749, to 31. 8% in 1810-1829 (Corrick 43). Also, there was a significant increase in worker wages during the period 1813-1913 (cornck 52-54). According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the opulation of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740.The population of England had more than doubled from 8. 3 million in 1801, to 16. 8 million in 1851 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30. 5 million (Corrick 55). As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, Britain s population doubled every fifty years (Corrick 56-57). Europes population doubled during the 18th century, from roughly 100 million to almost 200 million, and doubled again during the 19th century, to around 400 million (Corrick 58).The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe elsewhere, as new opportunities attracted huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the worlds population lived in cities (Corrick 59), a fgure that rose to nearly 50% at the beginning of the 21st century (Corrick 60). In 1717 Manchester was merely a mart town of 10,000 people, but by 1911 it had a population of 2. 3 million (Corrick 61). The Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on the United States and Western Europe.We still use technological advances today and if it wasnt for such advancement we wouldnt have these technologies. Before the Industrial Revolution, eac h generation of people economic wealth was fairly stagnant. After industrialization, production grew quickly and it generally increased each year. The Industrial Revolution led to many new theories, especially in social, economic, and scientific areas. Many of these theories had positive effects, but quite a few had negative effects. The new scientific theories were mostly positive because many resulted in inventions that improved the uality of life for most people.Social changes had both positive and negative impacts. However, many of the negative impacts, such as poor working conditions and child labor were reformed through formation of labor unions and passage of child labor laws.Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution led to new ways of organizing human labor, more enterprises, growth of energy and power, faster forms of transportation, higher productivity and more (Cole et al. 451). The first revolution began in the north of Britain in 1 760 and end in 1850. The Industri al Revolution began in Britain, because its land was more commercialese than nap. twist else, because of its empire, trade networks and transportations of rivers and canals (Cole et al. 452). Because the first Industrial Revolution made such a huge impact, there was a second one as well.The Second Industrial Revolution was based off of innovation in mark, electricity, and chemicals in Germany (Cole et al. 48). It began in 1870 and ended in 1914. This revolution was a larger phased that occurred during military personnel War l, and it had a lot of different advances as well. The first Industrial Revolution began with a technological leap which was cotton textiles (Cole et al. 453). There were many inventions that came along that helped the process of cotton. The spinning jenny that was invented by James Harvests, could produce up to six to twenty-four times more yarn than a hand spinner could (Cole et al. 53). There was also a spinning mule that could produce than more yarn than a spinner. The cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney could separate the cotton seeds from the fiber therefore it could speed up the process and also reduced the price (Cole et al. 453). These machines were placed by water that could be used to power them, and eventually there were more mills being built where they could be used by steam (Cole et al. 453). There were a lot of cotton textiles on the world market that came from this.Interchangeable parts include the gun-making and the standardized patterns of a gun by Honoree label (Identical). Not only did Eli Whitney produce the cotton gin, but he also produces 1 0,000 guns inwardly two years (Identical). Coal and iron were used as heating sources, and also used for railroads. Railroads were created for people to travel long distances. The second Industrial Revolution had a lot of different advances that ranged from steel to communication and also medicine. Germany was the top of chemical advances that included the increase demand of dyes, fabrics and soap (Identical).The medicine during this time was bad. They needed better healthcare because there were more dangers in the workplace caused from people hurting themselves and also by small lues and cholera (Identical). If someone didnt take a exhibitor or wash themselves good, they loud get miasma, which was a bad smell that causes diseases (Identical). The advances they made were construct hospitals so people could go to, Pharmaceuticals such as aspirins and et cetera so it could help ease the pain for the people who were hurt (Identical).They could be hurt by the new explosives that were being made to any of the diseases that they could by chance get. Automobiles also became a huge technological advance, because they had internal combustion engines that would start off as a one cylinder and then could go to a 4 cylinder. Diesel engines came along and new markets such as rubber for tires and gasoline. The development of electricity brought the idea of telegr aphs where you could send messages mainly by Morris code and/or power (Identical). Editions bulb was also developed, but it was costly.The alter current was the easy use of electricity at a good cost. The skill of communication advanced by undersea cables that transported messages far distances, the telephone that was invented by black lovage Gram-Bell where there was voice over wires, and also by radios which started with short distances. The biggest and alpha advances that came about during the second Industrial Revolution were economy and ions. Corporations in the economy were funded by the wealthy in which it replaced gills, and sold shoot to investors. Identical). There was limited liability so that people could own their own private boards. There were unions also being formed and workers could get replaced in the blink of an eye, which also brought along strikes. All of the classes were impacted, but the second Industrial Revolution had a huge effect on the working-class f amilies, women and the middle class. Women had to rely on men for money, because they stayed home and took care of it and their children while the men worked.The working-class families had to have a way to support each other, and sometimes children even started working to earn some income for the family. The middle class were wealthy from the Industrial Revolution because they invested well and also prospered (Identical). The lower middle class, who were not working every day, they became a solid middle class by education (Identical). The first and Second Industrial Revolution was very significant to European Civilization in many different ways. It brought about many technological, social, and cultural advances to everyone with the horrific amount of production increase.Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution led to new ways of organizing human labor, more enterprises, growth of energy and power, faster forms of transportation, higher productivity and mo re (Cole et al. 451). The first revolution began in the north of Britain in 1 760 and ended in 1850. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain, because its agriculture was more commercialese than nap. Veer else, because of its empire, trade networks and transportations of rivers and canals (Cole et al. 452). Because the first Industrial Revolution made such a huge impact, there was a second one as well.The Second Industrial Revolution was based off of innovation in steel, electricity, and chemicals in Germany (Cole et al. 48). It began in 1870 and ended in 1914. This revolution was a larger phased that occurred during World War l, and it had a lot of different advances as well. The first Industrial Revolution began with a technological leap which was cotton textiles (Cole et al. 453). There were many inventions that came along that helped the process of cotton. The spinning jenny that was invented by James Harvests, could produce up to six to twenty-four times more yarn than a hand spinner could (Cole et al. 53). There was also a spinning mule that could produce than more yarn than a spinner. The cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney could separate the cotton seeds from the fiber therefore it could speed up the process and also reduced the price (Cole et al. 453). These machines were placed by water that could be used to power them, and eventually there were more mills being built where they could be used by steam (Cole et al. 453). There were a lot of cotton textiles on the world market that came from this.Interchangeable parts included the gun-making and the standardized patterns of a gun by Honoree Labeled (Identical). Not only did Eli Whitney produce the cotton gin, but he also produces 1 0,000 guns within two years (Identical). Coal and iron were used as heating sources, and also used for railroads. Railroads were created for people to travel long distances. The second Industrial Revolution had a lot of different advances that ranged from steel to communica tion and also medicine. Germany was the top of chemical advances that included the increase demand of dyes, fabrics and soap (Identical).The medicine during this time was bad. They needed better healthcare because there were more dangers in the workplace caused from people hurting themselves and also by small pox and cholera (Identical). If someone didnt take a shower or wash themselves good, they loud get miasma, which was a bad odor that causes diseases (Identical). The advances they made were building hospitals so people could go to, Pharmaceuticals such as aspirins and et cetera so it could help ease the pain for the people who were hurt (Identical).They could be hurt by the new explosives that were being made to any of the diseases that they could possibly get. Automobiles also became a huge technological advance, because they had internal combustion engines that would start off as a one cylinder and then could go to a 4 cylinder. Diesel engines came along and new markets such as rubber for tires and gasoline. The development of electricity brought the idea of telegraphs where you could send messages mainly by Morris code and/or power (Identical). Editions bulb was also developed, but it was costly.The alternating current was the easy use of electricity at a good cost. The skill of communication advanced by undersea cables that transported messages far distances, the telephone that was invented by Alexander Gram-Bell where there was voice over wires, and also by radios which started with short distances. The biggest and important advances that came about during the second Industrial Revolution were economy and ions. Corporations in the economy were funded by the wealthy in which it replaced gills, and sold stock to investors. Identical). There was limited liability so that people could own their own private boards. There were unions also being formed and workers could get replaced in the blink of an eye, which also brought along strikes. All of the classe s were impacted, but the second Industrial Revolution had a huge effect on the working-class families, women and the middle class. Women had to rely on men for money, because they stayed home and took care of it and their children while the men worked.The working-class families had to have a way to support each other, and sometimes children even started working to earn some income for the family. The middle class were wealthy from the Industrial Revolution because they invested well and also prospered (Identical). The lower middle class, who were not working every day, they became a solid middle class by education (Identical). The first and Second Industrial Revolution was very significant to European Civilization in many different ways. It brought about many technological, social, and cultural advances to everyone with the tremendous amount of production increase.Industrial Revolution